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PA 156 [PER] Group Name Theobroma cacao

Pound, F.J. (1938)
Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Derivation: PArinari.
Collected by Pound.
Location: Parinari, Peru.

Pound, 1938a: [POU38A] type 1 - long, generally warty pods with a pronounced bottleneck and a conspicuous point, type 2 - lack the pronounced bottleneck, type 3 - pods shorter and lack both the pronounced bottle neck and point, type 4 - smooth lagarta, ie with bottle neck and point but with shallow furrows and a smooth shell, type 5 - as type 1 but with very small beans, type 6 - short, 10 ridged oval, warty pods, sometimes with red tint. Posnette, 1945A [POS45A]. Parinari type has long petioles (2-3 cm) with pulvini separated by a long, deep constriction even when young. The stamen filaments are not pigmented.

Notes: Selections from the region around Parinari.

Pound, 1938a [POU38A]. Pods probably collected from some 20 trees free of Witches' Broom in a population of type 1,2,3, and 4. Further collections may have made around Porvenir (between the Boca del Huallaga and Boca del Pastaza) from types 5 and 6.

Pound, 1943b [POU43B]. 277 plants were planted at Marper farm.

Bartley, 1998a [BAR98A] Parinari means tree and it is the name of a place on the River Amazon (Maranon) in Peru. However it is believed to refer to a region rather than a specific place. Types 5 and 6 were collected from along the whole stretch of the Maranon River.

SNP/SSR Populations

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Synonyms: PARINARI 156 [PER]

HELD IN

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Brazil, Mars Center for Cocoa Science: List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

Mars Center for Cocoa Science 2012
Accession list for the Mars Center for Cocoa Science. Jean-Philippe Marelli, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: PA-156; • Local Name: PA-156/T1
Costa Rica, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE): List received in 2018 Reference

Reference

Allan Mata 2018
Accession list for the International Cacao Collection at CATIE (IC3). Personal communication.
Notes

Excel file received by email.; • Accession: 22299; - Local Name: PA-156 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 2010
Ghana, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG): List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

CRIG 2012
Cocoa accessions held in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). Francis Kwame Padi, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: PA156
Malaysia, Agricultural Research Centre (ARC): List received in 1990 Reference

Reference

Malaysia - ARC Tuaran 1990
List of clones held in the Dept. of Agriculture's collection, at Sabah, Tuaran, Malaysia. E.B. Tay, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia. Personal Communication.; • Local Name: PA 156 [PER]
Nigeria, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN): List received in 1994 Reference

Reference

Nigeria - CRIN 1994
CRIN Cocoa germplasm. S.A. Olatoye, CRIN, Nigeria. Personal Communication.; • Local Name: PA 156 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 1968
Trinidad and Tobago, International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T): List received in 2011 Reference

Reference

CRU 2011
ICG,T accessions. CRU website.
Notes

Website visited 12th April 2011

Link Unavailable [http://sta.uwi.edu/cru/icgt-accessions.asp]; • Local Name: PA 156 [PER]

DISEASE

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Phytophthora: Cross: PA 156 [PER] x AML [MAL]; 15.20 % Infection (Pod).; Note: percentage of infected pods. Rank calculated using Newman-Keuls test at 5% = A; Jagoret, P. et al., 1995

Reference

Jagoret, P., Bastide, Ph., Pilecki, A., Besacier, C. & Eskes, A.B. 1995
Performance et resistance a la pourriture brune d'hybrides de cacaoyer au Vanuatu (Pacifique Sud). In: Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yammoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, 1993. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 425-431.
Notes

Vanuatu - CIRAD/MAFF Datafile: VAN___DS VAN - CIRAD/MAFF Hybrid trial Germplasm: 19 hybrids descended from UA x UA and Amelonado x UA were compared. Environment: Methods: Hybrid trial was planted in 1986 at Valeteruru station using a randomised single tree design spaced at 3 x 2.5m. Results do not take into account the effects of a cyclone in 1992. Glyricidia shade was eliminated from 1988. Productivity was assessed using a value of 0.38 to convert fresh bean weight to dry bean weight. The ratio of production to vigour was calculated by dividing the total number of pods by trunk diameter at four years after planting. Results cover the period January 1988 to December 1991. In addition to the good showing of certain hybrids for their early maturity, their high yield and their technological qualities (large bean size), study of the first five harvests show their better performance vis-a-vis Phytophthora spp. The distribution of production curves from one hybrid to another are analysed in relation to the local rainfall regime and the study of a type of resistance by evasion of these cocoa hybrids is discussed. Some cocoa plants, characterised by a production synchronised and timed to accommodate the rainy season (February/March) gives interesting results and suffers fewer losses thanks to the timing of peak production (May/June).

Disease
Vascular Streak Dieback: Cross: IMC 67 x PA 156 [PER]; Moderately Susceptible; Bong, C.L. et al., 1995

Reference

Bong, C.L., Tay, E.B., Lee, M.T. & Chong, T.C. 1995
Comparative study on cultural practices and planting materials in the management of vascular streak dieback and productivity in cocoa. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yammoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire 1993. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 197-203.
Notes

Malaysia - Malaysian Cocoa Board, Sabah Disease - Oncobasidium theobromae (local names: Vascular Streak Dieback) Datafile: DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD ABSTRACT This study compares and evaluates the effectiveness of different planting materials, shade and fertilizer treatment in the management of vascular streak dieback (VSD) and improvement of productivity of cocoa in various environments. The study consisted of four trails of split-plot or split-split-plot design. These four trials were located on sites that differed in VSD disease pressure (moderate to high), topography and soil characteristics. Up to seven hybrids, two shade treatments and two fertilizer treatments were evaluated. The four years' results indicate that the resistance of planting materials to VSD is the major factor in effectively reducing VSD disease severity and improving productivity. The productivity however also depends on how well the planting materials adapt to other factors of the environment such as soil conditions. Outstanding in terms of yield and resistance to VSD were PA 138 x SCA 9 and SCA 12 x PA 35. The yield of resistant materials was 1.3x to 2.5x that of the susceptible check PA 7 x NA 32, a hybrid well known for its high yield potential. Yield of lightly shaded mature tree plots was on average 30% higher than those densely shaded plots while VSD disease severity was only marginally lower in the former plots. The differences in disease severity and yield between the densely shaded and lightly shaded plots of young trees (before the canopies overlap) was small and non-significant. On VSD disease severity, significant interaction between planting materials and shade was found. Such hybrids as PA 156 x IMC 67 showed lower disease severity under lighter shade. The effect of fertilizer treatment on VSD and yield was non-significant/ Thus VSD can be cost-effectively managed through the use of resistant planting materials and productivity greatly improved when these materials are also widely adaptable or when adequate shade density and manuring are provided. VSD disease severity assessment Method of Bong 1989 used. The disease severity of each of the terminal three flushes of 10 to 15 randomly selected twigs of a tree was scored on scale from 0 to 6. The classes 0 to 3 represent no infection to increasing number of infected leaves and increasing severity as judged by the extent of chlorosis and necrosis. Classes 4 to 6 represent increasing severity in number of infected leaves, increasing defoliation (infected leaf scars), number of fruiting bodies and dying back of the twigs. Assessment of VSD was carried out at intervals of one or two months. Assessment was carried out on centrally located trees. Area under disease progress curve (ADPC) calculated as described by Bong and Seow 1989.

Disease; Cross: SCA 9 x PA 156 [PER]; Tolerant; Bong, C.L. et al., 1995

Reference

Bong, C.L., Tay, E.B., Lee, M.T. & Chong, T.C. 1995
Comparative study on cultural practices and planting materials in the management of vascular streak dieback and productivity in cocoa. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yammoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire 1993. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 197-203.
Notes

Malaysia - Malaysian Cocoa Board, Sabah Disease - Oncobasidium theobromae (local names: Vascular Streak Dieback) Datafile: DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD ABSTRACT This study compares and evaluates the effectiveness of different planting materials, shade and fertilizer treatment in the management of vascular streak dieback (VSD) and improvement of productivity of cocoa in various environments. The study consisted of four trails of split-plot or split-split-plot design. These four trials were located on sites that differed in VSD disease pressure (moderate to high), topography and soil characteristics. Up to seven hybrids, two shade treatments and two fertilizer treatments were evaluated. The four years' results indicate that the resistance of planting materials to VSD is the major factor in effectively reducing VSD disease severity and improving productivity. The productivity however also depends on how well the planting materials adapt to other factors of the environment such as soil conditions. Outstanding in terms of yield and resistance to VSD were PA 138 x SCA 9 and SCA 12 x PA 35. The yield of resistant materials was 1.3x to 2.5x that of the susceptible check PA 7 x NA 32, a hybrid well known for its high yield potential. Yield of lightly shaded mature tree plots was on average 30% higher than those densely shaded plots while VSD disease severity was only marginally lower in the former plots. The differences in disease severity and yield between the densely shaded and lightly shaded plots of young trees (before the canopies overlap) was small and non-significant. On VSD disease severity, significant interaction between planting materials and shade was found. Such hybrids as PA 156 x IMC 67 showed lower disease severity under lighter shade. The effect of fertilizer treatment on VSD and yield was non-significant/ Thus VSD can be cost-effectively managed through the use of resistant planting materials and productivity greatly improved when these materials are also widely adaptable or when adequate shade density and manuring are provided. VSD disease severity assessment Method of Bong 1989 used. The disease severity of each of the terminal three flushes of 10 to 15 randomly selected twigs of a tree was scored on scale from 0 to 6. The classes 0 to 3 represent no infection to increasing number of infected leaves and increasing severity as judged by the extent of chlorosis and necrosis. Classes 4 to 6 represent increasing severity in number of infected leaves, increasing defoliation (infected leaf scars), number of fruiting bodies and dying back of the twigs. Assessment of VSD was carried out at intervals of one or two months. Assessment was carried out on centrally located trees. Area under disease progress curve (ADPC) calculated as described by Bong and Seow 1989.

Disease; 81.18 % Infection; Note: 17 plants sampled..; Subali, S., 1992

Reference

Subali, S. 1992
MARDI's results on performance of imported primary cocoa clones. In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October, 1992. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Notes

Malaysia - MARDI Datafile: MARDI_DS MYS - MARDI Germplasm: Agronomic and morphological characteristics of some of the clones held by MARDI. Environment: No details.

Disease; Susceptible; Butler, D.R. et al., 1998

Reference

Butler, D.R., Iwaro, A.D., Thevenin, J.-M., Bekele, F., Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y. & Mooledhar, V. 1998
Individual Institute Reports - Trinidad & Tobago, CRU. Report on the IPGRI project: Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation, A Global Approach. Appendix to General Progress Report of Year 1.
Notes

Trinidad - ICG,T, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD DIS_CEDS - Disease reaction to Ceratocystis Descriptors: General observations and main traits of genotypes Environment: No details Germplasm: Clones included in the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation project.

Disease; Tolerant; Bong, C.L. & Phua, P.K., 1989

Reference

Bong, C.L. & Phua, P.K. 1989
Screening of hybrid materials for resistance to VSD. In: Research on Cocoa VSD in Sabah. Technical Bulletin No. 9, Dept. of Agriculture, Sabah, Malaysia. pp. 43-39.
Notes

Malaysia - Quion Hill, Sabah and Ulu Dunsun, Sandakan Datafile: DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD Descriptors: Resistance to infections from Vascular Streak Dieback Environment: Set 1 assessed at Quoin Hill at seedling stage in a nusery with the source of natural inoculum from surrounding infected mature fields. Sets 2 and 3 were evaluated at the mature tree stage. Germplasm: 79 hybrids evaluated in three sets. Set 1 consists of Sabah mixed hybrids raised specifically for this purpose at Quoin Hill, Sabah. Sets 2 and 3 are progeny trials established at Quoin Hill, Sabah and Ulu Dunsun, Sandakan respectively. Experimental conditions: VSD disease severity was recorded at intervals of one to two months throughout the epidemic period or at longer intervals throughout the rest of the year. Apparent infection rate (r or ADPC (area under disease progress curve)) are used as criteria to compare differences in the resistance of the hybrids. r is obtained by regressing In(1/1 - x) against time in months where x is the disease severity index. Differences between any two r values is tested using a t - test. ADPC is calculated and analysed using analysis of variance.

Disease
Witches Broom: Resistant (Field Reaction).; Butler, D.R. et al., 1998

Reference

Butler, D.R., Iwaro, A.D., Thevenin, J.-M., Bekele, F., Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y. & Mooledhar, V. 1998
Individual Institute Reports - Trinidad & Tobago, CRU. Report on the IPGRI project: Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation, A Global Approach. Appendix to General Progress Report of Year 1.
Notes

Trinidad - ICG,T, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD DIS_CEDS - Disease reaction to Ceratocystis Descriptors: General observations and main traits of genotypes Environment: No details Germplasm: Clones included in the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation project.

Disease; Tolerant; Sreenivasan, T.N., 1987

Reference

Sreenivasan, T.N. 1987
ICGT Germplasm at Marper Farm showing freedom from cushion Brooms and vegetative brooms. Unpublished report, CRU, Trinidad and Tobago.
Notes

Trinidad - Marper Farm, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom Descriptors: Resistance based on freedom from cushion brooms and vegetative brooms Environment: Marper Farm, Trinidad Germplasm: 182 clones mostly collected by Pound: AM [POU], B [POU], CL, CLM, IMC, JA [POU], LP [POU], LV [POU], LX, LZ, MO, MOQ, NA, PA [PER], SCA, SJ [POU], SLA, SLC, SM [POU]

Disease

YIELD

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Malaysia - Applied Agriculture, 1992: Seed Index: 147.0 (dried beans per 100g); Pod Index: 42.7 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture 1992
Data from Applied Agriculture Research Unit (AARU). In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: pp. 4.
Notes

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture Research Datafile: AARU__DS MYS - Applied Agriculture Germplasm: Agronomic characteristics of 120 of the clones held at Applied Agriculture Research. The clones were field budded on 1982 seedlings planting between 1984 and 1987. Environment: No details given.

Yield Bean
Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Seed Index: 106.3 (dried beans per 100g); Pod Index: 28.9 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Pod Index: 32.5 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

BEAN

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Malaysia - Applied Agriculture, 1992: Number: 34.6; Dry Weight: 0.68 g; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture 1992
Data from Applied Agriculture Research Unit (AARU). In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: pp. 4.
Notes

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture Research Datafile: AARU__DS MYS - Applied Agriculture Germplasm: Agronomic characteristics of 120 of the clones held at Applied Agriculture Research. The clones were field budded on 1982 seedlings planting between 1984 and 1987. Environment: No details given.

Yield Bean
Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Number: 36.6; Total Dry Weight: 34.6 g; Dry Weight: 0.94 g; Note: 39 plants sampled; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: dark purple; Shape: ovate; Number: 39.0; Total Wet Weight: 48.2 g; Cotyledon Dry Weight: 0.79 g; Cotyledon Length: 20.2 mm; Cotyledon Width: 10.5 mm; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

BUTTERFAT

Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Butterfat Content: 56.70 %; Maximum Butterfat Content: 59.17 %; Minimum Butterfat Content: 55.50 %; Note: 8 plants sampled; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Testa: 5.90 %; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

FRUIT

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Shape: elliptical; Basal Constriction: strong; Apex Form: acute; Rugosity: intense; Length: 168.0 mm; Breadth: 78.0 mm; Colour: anthocyanin absent; Hardness: hard; Note: Hardness > 2.0 Mpa; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

PHENOTYPING

Fiona Lahive, 2017: Accession: RUQ 1531; Light Saturated Photosynthetic Rate: 6.02 μmol m² s^-1; Stomatal Conductance: 0.17 mol m² s^-1; Transpiration Rate: 2.02 mmol m² s^-1; Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency: 38.01 μmol mol^-1; Instantaneous Water Use Efficiency: 3.00 mmol mol^-1; Flush Size: 7; Leaf Area: 417.20 cm²; Leaf Dry Weight: 2.24 g; Specific Leaf Area: 188.00 cm² g^-1; Reference

Reference

Fiona Lahive 2017
Phenotypic data from climate change trials. Personal communication.
Notes

Data for single trees in ICQC,R. Each value is a mean of 2 time points with 6 leaves per tree (12 measurements), except flush size, which was 2 branches per tree (4 measurements).

Phenotyping

FLUSH

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: moderate anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

FLOWER

Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Self Compatibility: self incompatible; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Ligule Colour: slight anthocyanin; Stamen Colour: moderate anthocyanin; Sepal Length: 7.86 mm; Ligule Width: 2.59 mm; Ovule Number: 45; Style Length: 2.48 mm; Pedicel Colour: red; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

REFERENCES

Pound, F.J. (1938) Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Mars Center for Cocoa Science (2012) Accession list for the Mars Center for Cocoa Science. Jean-Philippe Marelli, personal communication, February 2012.

Allan Mata (2018) Accession list for the International Cacao Collection at CATIE (IC3). Personal communication.

CRIG (2012) Cocoa accessions held in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). Francis Kwame Padi, personal communication, February 2012.

Malaysia - ARC Tuaran (1990) List of clones held in the Dept. of Agriculture's collection, at Sabah, Tuaran, Malaysia. E.B. Tay, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia. Personal Communication.

Nigeria - CRIN (1994) CRIN Cocoa germplasm. S.A. Olatoye, CRIN, Nigeria. Personal Communication.

CRU (2011) ICG,T accessions. CRU website.

Jagoret, P., Bastide, Ph., Pilecki, A., Besacier, C. & Eskes, A.B. (1995) Performance et resistance a la pourriture brune d'hybrides de cacaoyer au Vanuatu (Pacifique Sud). In: Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yammoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, 1993. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 425-431.

Bong, C.L., Tay, E.B., Lee, M.T. & Chong, T.C. (1995) Comparative study on cultural practices and planting materials in the management of vascular streak dieback and productivity in cocoa. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yammoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire 1993. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 197-203.

Subali, S. (1992) MARDI's results on performance of imported primary cocoa clones. In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October, 1992. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Butler, D.R., Iwaro, A.D., Thevenin, J.-M., Bekele, F., Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y. & Mooledhar, V. (1998) Individual Institute Reports - Trinidad & Tobago, CRU. Report on the IPGRI project: Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation, A Global Approach. Appendix to General Progress Report of Year 1.

Bong, C.L. & Phua, P.K. (1989) Screening of hybrid materials for resistance to VSD. In: Research on Cocoa VSD in Sabah. Technical Bulletin No. 9, Dept. of Agriculture, Sabah, Malaysia. pp. 43-39.

Sreenivasan, T.N. (1987) ICGT Germplasm at Marper Farm showing freedom from cushion Brooms and vegetative brooms. Unpublished report, CRU, Trinidad and Tobago.

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture (1992) Data from Applied Agriculture Research Unit (AARU). In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: pp. 4.

Malaysia - BAL Plantations (1991) Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee (2022) Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Fiona Lahive (2017) Phenotypic data from climate change trials. Personal communication.