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PA 30 [PER] Group Name Theobroma cacao

Pound, F.J. (1938)
Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Derivation: PArinari.
Collected by Pound.
Location: Parinari, Peru.

Pound, 1938a: [POU38A] type 1 - long, generally warty pods with a pronounced bottleneck and a conspicuous point, type 2 - lack the pronounced bottleneck, type 3 - pods shorter and lack both the pronounced bottle neck and point, type 4 - smooth lagarta, ie with bottle neck and point but with shallow furrows and a smooth shell, type 5 - as type 1 but with very small beans, type 6 - short, 10 ridged oval, warty pods, sometimes with red tint. Posnette, 1945A [POS45A]. Parinari type has long petioles (2-3 cm) with pulvini separated by a long, deep constriction even when young. The stamen filaments are not pigmented.

Notes: Selections from the region around Parinari.

Pound, 1938a [POU38A]. Pods probably collected from some 20 trees free of Witches' Broom in a population of type 1,2,3, and 4. Further collections may have made around Porvenir (between the Boca del Huallaga and Boca del Pastaza) from types 5 and 6.

Pound, 1943b [POU43B]. 277 plants were planted at Marper farm.

Bartley, 1998a [BAR98A] Parinari means tree and it is the name of a place on the River Amazon (Maranon) in Peru. However it is believed to refer to a region rather than a specific place. Types 5 and 6 were collected from along the whole stretch of the Maranon River.

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Synonyms: PARINARI 30 [PER]

PEDIGREE DETAILS

Mother to:: AX 365 Trinidad - ICTA, No Date

Reference

Trinidad - ICTA No Date
List of AX Crosses. Unpublished report, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad. pp 18.
Notes

Trinidad - International Cocoa Genebank, CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: PROGENY_; AX 368 Trinidad - ICTA, No Date

Reference

Trinidad - ICTA No Date
List of AX Crosses. Unpublished report, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad. pp 18.
Notes

Trinidad - International Cocoa Genebank, CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: PROGENY_; CEPEC 1001 Brazil - CEPEC, 1987

Reference

Brazil - CEPEC 1987
List of clones in the CEPEC, Bahia, Brazil collection. Computer printout from CEPEC. Supplied by B.G.D. Bartley, CEPEC, Brazil.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: CEPEC_DS BRA - CEPEC 1 PROGENY_ Germplasm: 564 accessions mainly of Brazilian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Information on compatability pod characteristics and type of cocoa is given.

Bean Fruit Flower; PA 30 /S-1 [PER] Bartley, B.G.D., 1998

Reference

Bartley, B.G.D. 1998
Comments made by Dr. Bartley during his visit to Reading (19th - 31st July 1998). B.G.D. Bartley. Personal Communications.
Notes

Cameroon - IRAD Datafile: PROGENY_
Father to:: CEPEC 1001 Brazil - CEPEC, 1987

Reference

Brazil - CEPEC 1987
List of clones in the CEPEC, Bahia, Brazil collection. Computer printout from CEPEC. Supplied by B.G.D. Bartley, CEPEC, Brazil.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: CEPEC_DS BRA - CEPEC 1 PROGENY_ Germplasm: 564 accessions mainly of Brazilian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Information on compatability pod characteristics and type of cocoa is given.

Bean Fruit Flower; HAA 4 [VEN] Reyes, H.E. et al., 1973

Reference

Reyes, H.E., Perez, A.Z., Reyes, L.C. de & Wagner O., M. de J. 1973
Catalogo de cultivares de cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.). Estacion Experimental de Caucagua, Caucagua, Venezuela. pp. 131.
Notes

Venezuela - Estaçion Experimental de Caucagua Datafile: MAC___DS VEN - MAC Cauagua 1 PROGENY_ Germplasm: Information on 60 Venezuelan clones is presented which include Criollo, Forastero and hybrid types. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Pod, bean and flower characteristics are described together with some information on disease/pest reactions and yield. In some cases additional information on reaction to pests and diseases is supplied.

Disease Pests Yield Bean Fruit Flush Leaf Flower; HAA 5 [VEN] Reyes, H.E. et al., 1973

Reference

Reyes, H.E., Perez, A.Z., Reyes, L.C. de & Wagner O., M. de J. 1973
Catalogo de cultivares de cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.). Estacion Experimental de Caucagua, Caucagua, Venezuela. pp. 131.
Notes

Venezuela - Estaçion Experimental de Caucagua Datafile: MAC___DS VEN - MAC Cauagua 1 PROGENY_ Germplasm: Information on 60 Venezuelan clones is presented which include Criollo, Forastero and hybrid types. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Pod, bean and flower characteristics are described together with some information on disease/pest reactions and yield. In some cases additional information on reaction to pests and diseases is supplied.

Disease Pests Yield Bean Fruit Flush Leaf Flower; HAA 6 [VEN] Reyes, H.E. et al., 1973

Reference

Reyes, H.E., Perez, A.Z., Reyes, L.C. de & Wagner O., M. de J. 1973
Catalogo de cultivares de cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.). Estacion Experimental de Caucagua, Caucagua, Venezuela. pp. 131.
Notes

Venezuela - Estaçion Experimental de Caucagua Datafile: MAC___DS VEN - MAC Cauagua 1 PROGENY_ Germplasm: Information on 60 Venezuelan clones is presented which include Criollo, Forastero and hybrid types. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Pod, bean and flower characteristics are described together with some information on disease/pest reactions and yield. In some cases additional information on reaction to pests and diseases is supplied.

Disease Pests Yield Bean Fruit Flush Leaf Flower; HAA 8 [VEN] Reyes, H.E. et al., 1973

Reference

Reyes, H.E., Perez, A.Z., Reyes, L.C. de & Wagner O., M. de J. 1973
Catalogo de cultivares de cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.). Estacion Experimental de Caucagua, Caucagua, Venezuela. pp. 131.
Notes

Venezuela - Estaçion Experimental de Caucagua Datafile: MAC___DS VEN - MAC Cauagua 1 PROGENY_ Germplasm: Information on 60 Venezuelan clones is presented which include Criollo, Forastero and hybrid types. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Pod, bean and flower characteristics are described together with some information on disease/pest reactions and yield. In some cases additional information on reaction to pests and diseases is supplied.

Disease Pests Yield Bean Fruit Flush Leaf Flower; PA 121 /S-1 [PER] Bartley, B.G.D., 1998

Reference

Bartley, B.G.D. 1998
Comments made by Dr. Bartley during his visit to Reading (19th - 31st July 1998). B.G.D. Bartley. Personal Communications.
Notes

Cameroon - IRAD Datafile: PROGENY_; PA 30 /S-1 [PER] Bartley, B.G.D., 1998

Reference

Bartley, B.G.D. 1998
Comments made by Dr. Bartley during his visit to Reading (19th - 31st July 1998). B.G.D. Bartley. Personal Communications.
Notes

Cameroon - IRAD Datafile: PROGENY_

POPULATION

Motamayor, J.C. et al., 2008: 'Maranon' Population; Subgroup: 'Parinari II' Reference

Reference

Motamayor, J.C., Lachenaud, P., da Silva e Mota, J.W., Loor, R., Kuhn, D.N., Brown, J.S. & Schnell, R.J. 2008
Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L). PLoS ONE 3(10): e3311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311
Population SSR

HELD IN

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United Kingdom, International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, Reading (ICQC,R): Current List ICQC,R Website; • Accession: RUQ 1635 ICQC,R; - Local Name: PA 30 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 2007
Brazil, Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira/Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPLAC/CEPEC): List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

CEPEC 2012
Accession list for the CEPEC (Bahia, Brazil) collection. Dr. José Luis Pires, personal communication, February 2012.; • Accession: 189; - Local Name: PA 30; - Year of Accession: 1980
Brazil, Comissao Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC): List received in 1987 Reference

Reference

Almeida, C.M.V.C. de, Barriga, J.P., Machado, P.F.R. & Bartley, B.G.D. 1987
Evolucao do programa de conservacao dos recursos geneticos de cacau na Amazonia Brasileira. CEPLAC/DEPEA, Boletim Tecnico, Belem, Brasil 5: pp.108.
Notes

History of the collections, naming of the accessions, origins of the material, collection and planting dates, propagation methods and number of plants established.; • Accession: 453; - Local Name: PA 30 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 1979
Costa Rica, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE): List received in 2018 Reference

Reference

Allan Mata 2018
Accession list for the International Cacao Collection at CATIE (IC3). Personal communication.
Notes

Excel file received by email.; • Accession: 22302; - Local Name: PA-30; - Year of Accession: 2012
Ecuador, Estation Experimental Tropical Pichilingue: List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

EET - Pichilingue 2012
Accessions planted in EET - Pichilingue, Ecuador. Freddy Amores and Ignacio Sotomayor C, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: PA - 30
Indonesia, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI): List received in 2008 Reference

Reference

Susilo, A. 2008
The list of germplasm collected by ICCRI. Personal communication from Agung Susilo, July 2008.; • Accession: IDN-13-TCAC-00605; - Local Name: PA30
Indonesia, London Sumatra Plantations (LONSUM): List received in 2008 Reference

Reference

Haeser, E. 2008
Accession list for Bah Lias Research Station, PT.PP. London Sumatra, Indonesia. Personal communication, March 2010.; • Local Name: Pa 30
Jamaica, Cocoa Industry Board of Jamaica: List received in 1971 Reference

Reference

Leon, J. & Sgaravatti, E. 1971
Provisional list of genetic materials for plant introduction and exchange. AGPE Misc 71/2. FAO, Rome. pp. 26.
Notes

Lists of the clones held at CEPEC-Brazil, Nkoemvone-Cameroun, Central Agric. REs. Inst- Ceylon, CIA Palmira-Colombia, IICA-Costa Rica, INIAP-Ecuador, CRI-Ghana, MALF-Grenada, IFCC-Cote D'Ivoire, CIB-Jamaica, CRIN-Nigeria, CRU-Trinidad, Agr. Exp. Stat.-Suriname, Mayaguez-USA, Caucagua-Venezuela.; • Local Name: PA 30 [PER]
Malaysia, Agricultural Research Centre (ARC): List received in 1990 Reference

Reference

Malaysia - ARC Tuaran 1990
List of clones held in the Dept. of Agriculture's collection, at Sabah, Tuaran, Malaysia. E.B. Tay, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia. Personal Communication.; • Local Name: PA 30 [PER]
Solomon Islands, Solomon Islands Plantations Ltd.: List received in 1993 Reference

Reference

Soloman Islands - S.I. Plantns 1993
Inventory of Soloman Islands Plantations Ltd. Unpublished report, Soloman Islands Plantations Ltd, Soloman Islands, p.1.; • Local Name: PA 30 [PER]
Trinidad and Tobago, International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T): List received in 2011 Reference

Reference

CRU 2011
ICG,T accessions. CRU website.
Notes

Website visited 12th April 2011

Link Unavailable [http://sta.uwi.edu/cru/icgt-accessions.asp]; • Local Name: PA 30 [PER]
Venezuela, MAC Caucagua: List received in 1971 Reference

Reference

Leon, J. & Sgaravatti, E. 1971
Provisional list of genetic materials for plant introduction and exchange. AGPE Misc 71/2. FAO, Rome. pp. 26.
Notes

Lists of the clones held at CEPEC-Brazil, Nkoemvone-Cameroun, Central Agric. REs. Inst- Ceylon, CIA Palmira-Colombia, IICA-Costa Rica, INIAP-Ecuador, CRI-Ghana, MALF-Grenada, IFCC-Cote D'Ivoire, CIB-Jamaica, CRIN-Nigeria, CRU-Trinidad, Agr. Exp. Stat.-Suriname, Mayaguez-USA, Caucagua-Venezuela.; • Local Name: PA 30 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 1969

DISEASE

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Phytophthora: Moderate Resistance, sp. P. palmivora (Leaf (abaxial surface)).; Note: Interflush 2, Unattached and not wounded; Iwaro, D. et al., 1997

Reference

Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. 1997
Foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora as an indicator of pod resistance in Theobroma cacao. Plant Disease 81(6): pp. 619-624
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora Experimental conditions: Each clone was represented in the ICG,T by 15 trees. Fully expanded green leaves of new flush (interflush 2) and mature unripe pods of similar size to ripe pods were used as test samples. Tissue paper mount inoculation of a 30 micro litre zoospore suspension was used to assess leaf resistance. The suspension was placed on the leaf surface with a micropipette and a 1 sq cm. piece of tissue paper was placed on the drop to allow even spread. Both adaxial and abaxial surfaces were inoculated on separate leaves with suspensions of 400,000 and 150,000 respectively. Seven replications of each clone were incubated at 25 degrees C. in plastic trays lined with moist paper towels and covered with polythene film for 72 hours. Control leaves were treated with sterile distilled water. The experiment was repeated twice. Established lesions were those with a minimum size of 0.4mm. Multiple point inculation as described in Iwaro, D. et al (1997a) was used to assess pod resistance. The 12 clones were replicated five times with controls and established lesions were those with a minimum diameter of 2mm. Four trials were conducted. Disease - Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya (Local Names: Black Pod, Podredumbre negra, Pourriture Brune, Podridao parda).

Disease; Moderate Resistance, sp. P. palmivora (Leaf).; Note: Interflush 2, Unattached and punch inoculated; Iwaro, D. et al., 1997

Reference

Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. 1997
Foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora as an indicator of pod resistance in Theobroma cacao. Plant Disease 81(6): pp. 619-624
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora Experimental conditions: Each clone was represented in the ICG,T by 15 trees. Fully expanded green leaves of new flush (interflush 2) and mature unripe pods of similar size to ripe pods were used as test samples. Tissue paper mount inoculation of a 30 micro litre zoospore suspension was used to assess leaf resistance. The suspension was placed on the leaf surface with a micropipette and a 1 sq cm. piece of tissue paper was placed on the drop to allow even spread. Both adaxial and abaxial surfaces were inoculated on separate leaves with suspensions of 400,000 and 150,000 respectively. Seven replications of each clone were incubated at 25 degrees C. in plastic trays lined with moist paper towels and covered with polythene film for 72 hours. Control leaves were treated with sterile distilled water. The experiment was repeated twice. Established lesions were those with a minimum size of 0.4mm. Multiple point inculation as described in Iwaro, D. et al (1997a) was used to assess pod resistance. The 12 clones were replicated five times with controls and established lesions were those with a minimum diameter of 2mm. Four trials were conducted. Disease - Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya (Local Names: Black Pod, Podredumbre negra, Pourriture Brune, Podridao parda).

Disease; Moderate Resistance, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Note: Unripe, Unattached and not wounded; Iwaro, D. et al., 1997

Reference

Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. 1997
Phytophthora resistance in cacao (Theobroma cacao): Influence of pod morphological characteristics. Plant Pathology 46: pp. 557-565
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora STOMA_DS - Leaf/Fruit Anatomical Characteristics Germplasm: Information on 12 clones grown in the ICG,T. Environment: See details given for TTO - ICG,T Descriptors. Descriptors: Characteristics of the stomata, surface wax, exocarp and mesocarp hardness, exocarp and endocarp thickness of the pod are described in relation to infection by Phytophthora. Experimental Conditions: Each clone was represented by 15 trees at the ICG,T. Fully grown unripe pods were used. The multiple point inoculation method was used to assess frequency of lesions. A drop of inoculum (4 micro litres) was applied using a micro pipette at 10 points along the ridges of the surface of detached pods, with a zoospore concentration of 30,000 per ml. The control treatments recieved sterile distilled water. The pods were arranged in a completely randomised design with 5 replications in plastic trays lined with moist paper towels and covered with another plastic tray. The trays were enclosed in plastic bags and incubated at 25 degrees C. After 72 hours frequency of lesions was assessed based on the mean of successful inoculation points observed. Four trials were conducted. For stab inoculation a standard injury was created on the pod surface using 20 pins penetrating to a depth of 3mm. Inoculation followed Sreenivasan (1985) placing a 4mm. diameter disc of filter paper immersed in a zoospore suspension 200,000 per ml on the wound and covering with a spot plaster. Controls were treated with sterile distilled water. Pods were arranged in completely randomised design with 5 replications per clone and incubated at 25 degrees C. in trays lined with moist tissue paper and covered with plastic film. After 5 days the area of the established lesion was determined by transcribing the outline of the lesion onto brown paper and the area of the cuttings determined by a leaf area meter. The experiment was conducted twice. Data collected was subjected to square root transformation and analysis of variance to determine significance. Character data: Immature pod, stomatal pore length: 10 pods were assessed at five points per pod for each clone. Mature pod, thickness of exocarp on ridge: each pod was measured at 5 points on the ridge. 10 pods were assessed per clone. Mature pod, thickness of exocarp on furrow: each pod was measured at 5 points on the furrow. 10 pods were assessed per clone. Mature pod, thickness of endocarp on ridge: each pod was measured at 5 points on the ridge. 10 pods were assessed per clone. Mature pod, thickness of endocarp on furrow: Each pod was measured at 5 points on the furrow. 10 pods were assessed per clone. Exocarp and mesocarp hardnes: tested at the equatior of the pods. 10 pods were assessed at 5 points per clone. Relative hardness was estimated in Newtons (N) per square mm. Pod wall moisture content: 5 pods were assessed for each clone. Wound: N=no, P=punch inoculation (4 mm hole), S3=stab inoculated to 3 mm depth, S9=stab inoculated to 9 mm depth. Morphological - Physiological Characteristics. Disease - Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya (Local Names: Black Pod, Podredumbre negra, Pourriture Brune, Podridao parda).

Disease; Moderate Resistance, sp. P. palmivora (Leaf (adaxial surface)).; Note: Interflush 2, Unattached and not wounded; Iwaro, D. et al., 1997

Reference

Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. 1997
Foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora as an indicator of pod resistance in Theobroma cacao. Plant Disease 81(6): pp. 619-624
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora Experimental conditions: Each clone was represented in the ICG,T by 15 trees. Fully expanded green leaves of new flush (interflush 2) and mature unripe pods of similar size to ripe pods were used as test samples. Tissue paper mount inoculation of a 30 micro litre zoospore suspension was used to assess leaf resistance. The suspension was placed on the leaf surface with a micropipette and a 1 sq cm. piece of tissue paper was placed on the drop to allow even spread. Both adaxial and abaxial surfaces were inoculated on separate leaves with suspensions of 400,000 and 150,000 respectively. Seven replications of each clone were incubated at 25 degrees C. in plastic trays lined with moist paper towels and covered with polythene film for 72 hours. Control leaves were treated with sterile distilled water. The experiment was repeated twice. Established lesions were those with a minimum size of 0.4mm. Multiple point inculation as described in Iwaro, D. et al (1997a) was used to assess pod resistance. The 12 clones were replicated five times with controls and established lesions were those with a minimum diameter of 2mm. Four trials were conducted. Disease - Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya (Local Names: Black Pod, Podredumbre negra, Pourriture Brune, Podridao parda).

Disease; Resistant, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Note: Unripe, Unattached and not wounded; Iwaro, D., 1998

Reference

Iwaro, D. 1998
Evalation of accessions for Black Pod. Personal Communication 30th October 1998. Data sent by email from Dr. Iwaro.
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora Experimental conditions: Inoculation techinique used - spray method. Inoculum concentration: 100,000 zoospores/ml. Incubated for four days. Character Data: The following descriptions are used to segregate clones according to reaction: no visible symptoms = highly resistant to penetration, 1-5 localised lesions = resistant, 6-15 localised lesions = moderately resistant, >15 localised lesions = partially resistant/resistant to spread of lesion alone, 1-5 expanding lesions = partially resistant/resistant to penetration alone, 6-15 expanding lesions = moderately susceptible, >15 expanding lesions = susceptible, coalesced lesions = highly susceptible Disease - Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya (Local Names: Black Pod, Podredumbre negra, Pourriture Brune, Podridao parda).

Disease; Resistant, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Luz, E.D.M.N. et al., 1995

Reference

Luz, E.D.M.N., Silva, S.D.V.M., Yamada, M.M., Lopes, U.V., Braga, M.C.T. & Brugnerotto, M.I.B. 1995
Cacao cultivars selected for resistance to Phytophthora capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora in Bahia, Brazil. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yammoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, 1993. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 97-98.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora ABSTRACT In order to select cacao parents for the Cacao Research Center (CEPEC) breeding program, 81 cultivars from CEPEC's Germplasm Collection in Itabuna, Bahia were tested for resistance to Phytophthora capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora agents of black pod disease in Bahia. The cultivars tested belonged to the Brazilian series AM, BE, CA, CAS, CEPEC, EEG, MA, RB, SIAL and SIC and to the international series EET, GS, ICS, OC, PA, POUND, RIM, SCA, SGU, SPA, TSA, TSH and UF. Fully developed but unripe attached cocoa pods were point-inoculated without wounding by depositing a droplet of a 2 x 10E5/ml zoospore suspension in two places located on opposite sides of the pod. Ten replicated pods of each clone were used for each species at three distinct test times. The cultivar RIM 41 was included in all tests as a standard susceptible control. Percentage of successful infections and legion diameters were recorded 9 days later. Among 81 cultivars screened, seven were resistant to P. capsici, 21 to P. palmivora and only 2 (PA 30 and PA 150) to P. citrophthora. Only 9 cultivars showed the same reaction of tolerance (PA 30, PA 150, SIC 864 and SIAL 105) or susceptibility (AM 2, BE 3, BE 5, MA 11 and SIC 23) to infection by the three species. Based on a cluster analysis 21 cultivars (CAS 2, CEPEC 13, EET 59, EET 156, EET 228, EET 376, ICS 1, PA 16, PA 30, PA 81, PA 121, PA 150, PA 169, RB 40, RB 48, SCA 6, SIAL 105, SIAL 169, SIC 328, SIC 864 and SGU 3) were selected as promising parents to be used in CEPLAC's cacao breeding program. Parents selection was based on percentage of successful infections, legion diameters and bean production, following a proposed grading system. Among the selected cultivars PA 30 and PA 150 showed most promising resistance to P. capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora. Disease - Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya (Local Names: Black Pod, Podredumbre negra, Pourriture Brune, Podridao parda).

Disease; Resistant, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Note: Fully grown, unripe detached pods (4-5 months old); A.D. Iwaro & D. R. Butler, 2003

Reference

A.D. Iwaro & D. R. Butler 2003
Sources of Resistance to Phytophthora Pod Rot at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Cocoa Research Conference, Accra, Ghana (October 2003). Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria.
Disease; Resistant, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Note: Score: 2 (1-8 Scale). Fully grown, unripe detached pods (4-5 months old).; A.D. Iwaro et al., 2006

Reference

A.D. Iwaro, D.R. Butler & A.B. Eskes 2006
Sources of resistance to Phytophthora pod rot at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution (2006) 53: 99–109
Notes

DOI 10.1007/s10722-004-1411-1

Disease; Tolerant, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Enriquez, G. & Soria, V.J., 1977

Reference

Enriquez, G. & Soria, V.J. 1977
Mejoramiento genético para resistencia a cinco enfermedades del cacao. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Cocoa Research Conference, Caracas, Venezuela, 1977. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 45-56.
Notes

Various data sources Review of disease data complied at Costa Rica - CATIE from sources including: Costa Rica - CATIE, Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies, Ghana - WACRI, Ecuador - Pichilingue. Datafile: DIS_MODS - Disease reaction to Monilia Pod Rot DIS___DS - Disease reaction to stress and disease DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_SSDS - Disease reaction to CSSV DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom DIS_CEDS - Disease reaction to Ceratocystis Descriptors: Information on the type of disease/stress and the reaction of the clone.

Disease; Resistant, sp. P. capsici (Pod).; Luz, E.D.M.N. et al., 1995

Reference

Luz, E.D.M.N., Silva, S.D.V.M., Yamada, M.M., Lopes, U.V., Braga, M.C.T. & Brugnerotto, M.I.B. 1995
Cacao cultivars selected for resistance to Phytophthora capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora in Bahia, Brazil. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yammoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, 1993. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 97-98.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora ABSTRACT In order to select cacao parents for the Cacao Research Center (CEPEC) breeding program, 81 cultivars from CEPEC's Germplasm Collection in Itabuna, Bahia were tested for resistance to Phytophthora capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora agents of black pod disease in Bahia. The cultivars tested belonged to the Brazilian series AM, BE, CA, CAS, CEPEC, EEG, MA, RB, SIAL and SIC and to the international series EET, GS, ICS, OC, PA, POUND, RIM, SCA, SGU, SPA, TSA, TSH and UF. Fully developed but unripe attached cocoa pods were point-inoculated without wounding by depositing a droplet of a 2 x 10E5/ml zoospore suspension in two places located on opposite sides of the pod. Ten replicated pods of each clone were used for each species at three distinct test times. The cultivar RIM 41 was included in all tests as a standard susceptible control. Percentage of successful infections and legion diameters were recorded 9 days later. Among 81 cultivars screened, seven were resistant to P. capsici, 21 to P. palmivora and only 2 (PA 30 and PA 150) to P. citrophthora. Only 9 cultivars showed the same reaction of tolerance (PA 30, PA 150, SIC 864 and SIAL 105) or susceptibility (AM 2, BE 3, BE 5, MA 11 and SIC 23) to infection by the three species. Based on a cluster analysis 21 cultivars (CAS 2, CEPEC 13, EET 59, EET 156, EET 228, EET 376, ICS 1, PA 16, PA 30, PA 81, PA 121, PA 150, PA 169, RB 40, RB 48, SCA 6, SIAL 105, SIAL 169, SIC 328, SIC 864 and SGU 3) were selected as promising parents to be used in CEPLAC's cacao breeding program. Parents selection was based on percentage of successful infections, legion diameters and bean production, following a proposed grading system. Among the selected cultivars PA 30 and PA 150 showed most promising resistance to P. capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora. Disease - Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya (Local Names: Black Pod, Podredumbre negra, Pourriture Brune, Podridao parda).

Disease; Intermediate, sp. P. citrophthora; Note: Average score = 2.3.; Lopez, U.V. et al., 2006

Reference

Lopez, U.V., Paim, M., Luz, E.D.N., Silva, S.D.V.M., Gramacho, K.P. and Pires, J.L. 2006
Resistance of Cacao Farmer Selections to Phytophthora citrophthora in Brazil. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Cocoa Research Conference, San Jose, Costa Rica (2006). Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria.
Notes

This study assessed the level of resistance to P. citrophthora of 71 clones, most of them selected by farmers. These clones are in a network of clonal trials in five private farms and in one of CEPEC´s Station (ESARM, Ilhéus, BA). The leaf disk method was used to score resistance.

Disease; Resistant, sp. P. citrophthora (Pod).; Luz, E.D.M.N. et al., 1995

Reference

Luz, E.D.M.N., Silva, S.D.V.M., Yamada, M.M., Lopes, U.V., Braga, M.C.T. & Brugnerotto, M.I.B. 1995
Cacao cultivars selected for resistance to Phytophthora capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora in Bahia, Brazil. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yammoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, 1993. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 97-98.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora ABSTRACT In order to select cacao parents for the Cacao Research Center (CEPEC) breeding program, 81 cultivars from CEPEC's Germplasm Collection in Itabuna, Bahia were tested for resistance to Phytophthora capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora agents of black pod disease in Bahia. The cultivars tested belonged to the Brazilian series AM, BE, CA, CAS, CEPEC, EEG, MA, RB, SIAL and SIC and to the international series EET, GS, ICS, OC, PA, POUND, RIM, SCA, SGU, SPA, TSA, TSH and UF. Fully developed but unripe attached cocoa pods were point-inoculated without wounding by depositing a droplet of a 2 x 10E5/ml zoospore suspension in two places located on opposite sides of the pod. Ten replicated pods of each clone were used for each species at three distinct test times. The cultivar RIM 41 was included in all tests as a standard susceptible control. Percentage of successful infections and legion diameters were recorded 9 days later. Among 81 cultivars screened, seven were resistant to P. capsici, 21 to P. palmivora and only 2 (PA 30 and PA 150) to P. citrophthora. Only 9 cultivars showed the same reaction of tolerance (PA 30, PA 150, SIC 864 and SIAL 105) or susceptibility (AM 2, BE 3, BE 5, MA 11 and SIC 23) to infection by the three species. Based on a cluster analysis 21 cultivars (CAS 2, CEPEC 13, EET 59, EET 156, EET 228, EET 376, ICS 1, PA 16, PA 30, PA 81, PA 121, PA 150, PA 169, RB 40, RB 48, SCA 6, SIAL 105, SIAL 169, SIC 328, SIC 864 and SGU 3) were selected as promising parents to be used in CEPLAC's cacao breeding program. Parents selection was based on percentage of successful infections, legion diameters and bean production, following a proposed grading system. Among the selected cultivars PA 30 and PA 150 showed most promising resistance to P. capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora. Disease - Phytophthora palmivora, P. megakarya (Local Names: Black Pod, Podredumbre negra, Pourriture Brune, Podridao parda).

Disease

YIELD

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Pod Index: 27.5 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

BEAN

Bartley, B.G.D., 1970: Size: medium; Reference

Reference

Bartley, B.G.D. 1970
A preliminary catalogue of the cacao germplasm held at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Notes

Trinidad - University of the West Indies Datafile: ICGT2_DS TTO - UWI Cacao Collection Germplasm: Passport descriptors for approximately 1000 accessions of mainly South American and Trinidadian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Six descriptors for fruit, seed and compatability characteristics. Character Data: Combinations used FXC = forastero x criollo, TX = trinitario cross

Bean Fruit Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: dark purple; Shape: elliptical; Number: 36.0; Total Wet Weight: 54.0 g; Cotyledon Dry Weight: 1.01 g; Cotyledon Length: 22.8 mm; Cotyledon Width: 12.9 mm; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

BUTTERFAT

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Testa: 4.30 %; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

FRUIT

Show Details Hide Details

Bartley, B.G.D., 1970: Size: large; Reference

Reference

Bartley, B.G.D. 1970
A preliminary catalogue of the cacao germplasm held at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Notes

Trinidad - University of the West Indies Datafile: ICGT2_DS TTO - UWI Cacao Collection Germplasm: Passport descriptors for approximately 1000 accessions of mainly South American and Trinidadian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Six descriptors for fruit, seed and compatability characteristics. Character Data: Combinations used FXC = forastero x criollo, TX = trinitario cross

Bean Fruit Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Shape: elliptical; Basal Constriction: strong; Apex Form: acute; Rugosity: moderate; Length: 174.0 mm; Breadth: 76.0 mm; Colour: anthocyanin absent; Hardness: hard; Note: Hardness > 2.0 Mpa; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower
Brazil - CEPEC, 1987: Rugosity: intense; Reference

Reference

Brazil - CEPEC 1987
List of clones in the CEPEC, Bahia, Brazil collection. Computer printout from CEPEC. Supplied by B.G.D. Bartley, CEPEC, Brazil.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: CEPEC_DS BRA - CEPEC 1 PROGENY_ Germplasm: 564 accessions mainly of Brazilian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Information on compatability pod characteristics and type of cocoa is given.

Bean Fruit Flower

PHENOTYPING

Fiona Lahive, 2017: Accession: RUQ 1635; Light Saturated Photosynthetic Rate: 5.24 μmol m² s^-1; Stomatal Conductance: 0.13 mol m² s^-1; Transpiration Rate: 1.53 mmol m² s^-1; Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency: 43.75 μmol mol^-1; Instantaneous Water Use Efficiency: 3.50 mmol mol^-1; Flush Size: 5; Leaf Area: 291.70 cm²; Leaf Dry Weight: 1.60 g; Specific Leaf Area: 187.40 cm² g^-1; Reference

Reference

Fiona Lahive 2017
Phenotypic data from climate change trials. Personal communication.
Notes

Data for single trees in ICQC,R. Each value is a mean of 2 time points with 6 leaves per tree (12 measurements), except flush size, which was 2 branches per tree (4 measurements).

Phenotyping

FLUSH

Allen, J.B., 1988: Colour: intermediate anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Allen, J.B. 1988
Geographical variation and population biology in wild Theobroma cacao. PhD. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 197.
Notes

Colombia, Ecuador - Amazon region Datafile: LCT___DC ECU - LCTAP Fruit and seed characteristics LCT2__DS LCTAP Habit and flower characteristics LCT___DS ECU - LCTAP Field and genebank data Germplasm: Details of 234 LCT-EEN and EBC accessions from material collected in the Amazon region of Ecuador and R. Caqueta, Colombia and several of Pound's collections held at the San Carlos genebank. Environment: Accessions were either described at the time of collection or after planting in the field genebank at the San Carlos site of the INIAP Napo-Payamino Experimental Station in Napo Province. In the field genebank, a maximum of 10 seedlings for each collection were planted in a single row and budwood collections were planted as a row of up to 5 plants. Trees were spaced at 3m within the row and 4m between rows. Meteorological data are given in the table as mean daily maximum and mean daily minimum temperature and mean total rainfall per month. Soil analyses were carried out in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Edinburgh University, UK. The table shows the means of duplicate analyses of five samples taken from the genebank site and the forest surrounding the genebank. Soil data: pH 4.2 Org. Mat. (%) 9.4 N (Total, %) 0.3 P (Total, µg/g) 702 Ca (meq/100g) 5.19 Mg (meq/100g) 1.60 K (meq/100g) 0.48 Ca/Mg (ratio) 3.24 Ca+Mg/K (ratio) 14.1 Meteorological data: Temperature (°C) Rainfall (mm) Daily Max. Daily Min. January 30.9 21.2 116.2 February 29.1 20.6 272.3 March 29.8 21.2 260.0 April 29.9 21.3 327.5 May 29.9 21.0 287.9 June 27.9 20.4 308.1 July 28.1 20.0 254.1 August 29.3 20.3 262.5 September 30.3 20.5 282.4 October 30.6 21.1 257.1 November 30.8 21.1 361.2 December 31.0 21.4 154.8 Descriptors: The coding of the descriptors, and the methodology of recording, is based on the IBPGR standardised format, Engels et al., 1980 [ENG80A] and Engels, 1981 [ENG81A]. However, pod and bean data were recorded from a sample of 1-5 pods per collection, rather than the recommended sample of 10-20 pods due to limited availability of pods.

Flush Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: anthocyanin absent; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

FLOWER

Show Details Hide Details

Allen, J.B., 1988: Stamen Colour: anthocyanin absent; Sepal Colour: slight anthocyanin; Sepal Length: 8.50 mm; Ovary Colour: slight anthocyanin (apical); Pedicel Colour: slight anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Allen, J.B. 1988
Geographical variation and population biology in wild Theobroma cacao. PhD. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 197.
Notes

Colombia, Ecuador - Amazon region Datafile: LCT___DC ECU - LCTAP Fruit and seed characteristics LCT2__DS LCTAP Habit and flower characteristics LCT___DS ECU - LCTAP Field and genebank data Germplasm: Details of 234 LCT-EEN and EBC accessions from material collected in the Amazon region of Ecuador and R. Caqueta, Colombia and several of Pound's collections held at the San Carlos genebank. Environment: Accessions were either described at the time of collection or after planting in the field genebank at the San Carlos site of the INIAP Napo-Payamino Experimental Station in Napo Province. In the field genebank, a maximum of 10 seedlings for each collection were planted in a single row and budwood collections were planted as a row of up to 5 plants. Trees were spaced at 3m within the row and 4m between rows. Meteorological data are given in the table as mean daily maximum and mean daily minimum temperature and mean total rainfall per month. Soil analyses were carried out in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Edinburgh University, UK. The table shows the means of duplicate analyses of five samples taken from the genebank site and the forest surrounding the genebank. Soil data: pH 4.2 Org. Mat. (%) 9.4 N (Total, %) 0.3 P (Total, µg/g) 702 Ca (meq/100g) 5.19 Mg (meq/100g) 1.60 K (meq/100g) 0.48 Ca/Mg (ratio) 3.24 Ca+Mg/K (ratio) 14.1 Meteorological data: Temperature (°C) Rainfall (mm) Daily Max. Daily Min. January 30.9 21.2 116.2 February 29.1 20.6 272.3 March 29.8 21.2 260.0 April 29.9 21.3 327.5 May 29.9 21.0 287.9 June 27.9 20.4 308.1 July 28.1 20.0 254.1 August 29.3 20.3 262.5 September 30.3 20.5 282.4 October 30.6 21.1 257.1 November 30.8 21.1 361.2 December 31.0 21.4 154.8 Descriptors: The coding of the descriptors, and the methodology of recording, is based on the IBPGR standardised format, Engels et al., 1980 [ENG80A] and Engels, 1981 [ENG81A]. However, pod and bean data were recorded from a sample of 1-5 pods per collection, rather than the recommended sample of 10-20 pods due to limited availability of pods.

Flush Flower
Bartley, B.G.D., 1970: Self Compatibility: self incompatible; Reference

Reference

Bartley, B.G.D. 1970
A preliminary catalogue of the cacao germplasm held at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Notes

Trinidad - University of the West Indies Datafile: ICGT2_DS TTO - UWI Cacao Collection Germplasm: Passport descriptors for approximately 1000 accessions of mainly South American and Trinidadian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Six descriptors for fruit, seed and compatability characteristics. Character Data: Combinations used FXC = forastero x criollo, TX = trinitario cross

Bean Fruit Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Ligule Colour: slight anthocyanin; Stamen Colour: slight anthocyanin; Sepal Length: 7.19 mm; Ligule Width: 2.55 mm; Ovule Number: 41; Style Length: 1.81 mm; Pedicel Colour: reddish; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower
Brazil - CEPEC, 1987: Self Compatibility: self incompatible; Reference

Reference

Brazil - CEPEC 1987
List of clones in the CEPEC, Bahia, Brazil collection. Computer printout from CEPEC. Supplied by B.G.D. Bartley, CEPEC, Brazil.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: CEPEC_DS BRA - CEPEC 1 PROGENY_ Germplasm: 564 accessions mainly of Brazilian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Information on compatability pod characteristics and type of cocoa is given.

Bean Fruit Flower
Yamada, M. et al., 1982: Self Compatibility: self incompatible; Reference

Reference

Yamada, M., Bartley, B.G.D., Castro, G.C.T.de, & Melo, G.R.P. 1982
Heranca do fator compatibilidade em Theobroma cacao L. I. Relacioes fenotipicas na familia PA (Parinari). Revista Theobroma 12 (3): 163-167.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Bahia Datafile: COMP_DS Compatibility Descriptors: Self and cross-compatibility Environment: Cacao Research Centre, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil Germplasm: 11 clones of the PA [PER] group

Flower

REFERENCES

Pound, F.J. (1938) Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Trinidad - ICTA (No Date) List of AX Crosses. Unpublished report, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad. pp 18.

Brazil - CEPEC (1987) List of clones in the CEPEC, Bahia, Brazil collection. Computer printout from CEPEC. Supplied by B.G.D. Bartley, CEPEC, Brazil.

Bartley, B.G.D. (1998) Comments made by Dr. Bartley during his visit to Reading (19th - 31st July 1998). B.G.D. Bartley. Personal Communications.

Reyes, H.E., Perez, A.Z., Reyes, L.C. de & Wagner O., M. de J. (1973) Catalogo de cultivares de cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.). Estacion Experimental de Caucagua, Caucagua, Venezuela. pp. 131.

Motamayor, J.C., Lachenaud, P., da Silva e Mota, J.W., Loor, R., Kuhn, D.N., Brown, J.S. & Schnell, R.J. (2008) Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L). PLoS ONE 3(10): e3311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311

CEPEC (2012) Accession list for the CEPEC (Bahia, Brazil) collection. Dr. José Luis Pires, personal communication, February 2012.

Almeida, C.M.V.C. de, Barriga, J.P., Machado, P.F.R. & Bartley, B.G.D. (1987) Evolucao do programa de conservacao dos recursos geneticos de cacau na Amazonia Brasileira. CEPLAC/DEPEA, Boletim Tecnico, Belem, Brasil 5: pp.108.

Allan Mata (2018) Accession list for the International Cacao Collection at CATIE (IC3). Personal communication.

EET - Pichilingue (2012) Accessions planted in EET - Pichilingue, Ecuador. Freddy Amores and Ignacio Sotomayor C, personal communication, February 2012.

Susilo, A. (2008) The list of germplasm collected by ICCRI. Personal communication from Agung Susilo, July 2008.

Haeser, E. (2008) Accession list for Bah Lias Research Station, PT.PP. London Sumatra, Indonesia. Personal communication, March 2010.

Leon, J. & Sgaravatti, E. (1971) Provisional list of genetic materials for plant introduction and exchange. AGPE Misc 71/2. FAO, Rome. pp. 26.

Malaysia - ARC Tuaran (1990) List of clones held in the Dept. of Agriculture's collection, at Sabah, Tuaran, Malaysia. E.B. Tay, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia. Personal Communication.

Soloman Islands - S.I. Plantns (1993) Inventory of Soloman Islands Plantations Ltd. Unpublished report, Soloman Islands Plantations Ltd, Soloman Islands, p.1.

CRU (2011) ICG,T accessions. CRU website.

Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. (1997) Foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora as an indicator of pod resistance in Theobroma cacao. Plant Disease 81(6): pp. 619-624

Iwaro, D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. (1997) Phytophthora resistance in cacao (Theobroma cacao): Influence of pod morphological characteristics. Plant Pathology 46: pp. 557-565

Iwaro, D. (1998) Evalation of accessions for Black Pod. Personal Communication 30th October 1998. Data sent by email from Dr. Iwaro.

Luz, E.D.M.N., Silva, S.D.V.M., Yamada, M.M., Lopes, U.V., Braga, M.C.T. & Brugnerotto, M.I.B. (1995) Cacao cultivars selected for resistance to Phytophthora capsici, P. palmivora and P. citrophthora in Bahia, Brazil. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yammoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, 1993. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 97-98.

A.D. Iwaro & D. R. Butler (2003) Sources of Resistance to Phytophthora Pod Rot at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Cocoa Research Conference, Accra, Ghana (October 2003). Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria.

A.D. Iwaro, D.R. Butler & A.B. Eskes (2006) Sources of resistance to Phytophthora pod rot at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution (2006) 53: 99–109

Enriquez, G. & Soria, V.J. (1977) Mejoramiento genético para resistencia a cinco enfermedades del cacao. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Cocoa Research Conference, Caracas, Venezuela, 1977. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 45-56.

Lopez, U.V., Paim, M., Luz, E.D.N., Silva, S.D.V.M., Gramacho, K.P. and Pires, J.L. (2006) Resistance of Cacao Farmer Selections to Phytophthora citrophthora in Brazil. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Cocoa Research Conference, San Jose, Costa Rica (2006). Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria.

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee (2022) Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Bartley, B.G.D. (1970) A preliminary catalogue of the cacao germplasm held at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.

Fiona Lahive (2017) Phenotypic data from climate change trials. Personal communication.

Allen, J.B. (1988) Geographical variation and population biology in wild Theobroma cacao. PhD. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 197.

Yamada, M., Bartley, B.G.D., Castro, G.C.T.de, & Melo, G.R.P. (1982) Heranca do fator compatibilidade em Theobroma cacao L. I. Relacioes fenotipicas na familia PA (Parinari). Revista Theobroma 12 (3): 163-167.