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IMC 76 Group Name Theobroma cacao

Pound, F.J. (1938)
Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Derivation: Iquitos Mixed Calabacillo (Mid Channel).
Collected by Pound.
Location: Iquitos, Peru.

Pound, 1938a [POU38A]. Main type - very large lagarta calabacillo pods, oval, very smooth, normal blanco. Seeds large, flat, losenge shaped. 'Hybrid group'-large pods, somewhat warty at stem end but smooth and round like calabacillo at the apex. Third group-small, oval, warty pods, dense flowering. Bartley, 1995a [BAR95A]. The common features of this group of clones are the high ovule numbers (65+) and a specific type of anthocyanin pigmentation in the stamens and base of the corolla. Posnette, 1945a [POS45A]. Petioles are of a type intermediate between those of Nanay (see NA) and Parinari (see PA) types; the constriction is usually short and narrow.

Notes: Pound, 1938a [POU38A]. Pods probably collected from at least two groups of trees which were free of Witches' Broom.

Bartley, 1995a [BAR95A]. They are probably the progenies of two trees, later propagated as the clones P 18 [POU] and P 21 [POU].

Pound, 1943b [POU43B]. 112 plants were planted at Marper farm.

Bartley, 1997a, [BAR97A] The progeny of the individual clones is not documented and it is important not to consider the IMC clones as one homogeneous group.

SNP/SSR

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Synonyms: IQUITOS MIXED 76

COLLECTION DETAILS

Location: Iquitos, Loreto, Peru

Coordinates: 73.00 W, 3.50 S

Marita, J. M. et al., 2001

PEDIGREE DETAILS

Mother to:: T 101 [POS] Olatoye, S.T. & Esan, E.B., 1993

Reference

Olatoye, S.T. & Esan, E.B. 1993
Recent innovation in cacao genetic resources conservation in Nigeria. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Conservation, Characterisation and Utilisation of Cocoa Genetic Resources in the 21st Century. CRU, UWI, Trinidad. pp. 281-291.
Notes

Nigeria - CRIN Datafile: PROGENY_; T 90 [POS] Adomako, B. & Adu-Ampomah, Y., 2000

Reference

Adomako, B. & Adu-Ampomah, Y. 2000
Reflections on the yield of Upper Amazon cocoa hybrids in Ghana with reference to breeding for cocoa swollen shoot virus resistant varieties. Cocoa Growers' Bulletin 52: 33-45.
Notes

Ghana - CRIG Datafile: PROGENY_
Putative Half-Sibs:: Group P27 Zhang, D. et al., 2009

Reference

Zhang, D., Boccara, M., Motilal, L., Mischke S., Johnson, E.S., Butler, D.R., Bailey, B. & Meinhardt, L. 2009
Molecular characterization of an earliest cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) collection from Upper Amazon using microsatellite DNA markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes. doi:10.1007/s11295-009-0212-2; IMC 10; IMC 105; IMC 107; IMC 11; IMC 12; IMC 13; IMC 16; IMC 18; IMC 23; IMC 27; IMC 30; IMC 33; IMC 38; IMC 42; IMC 44; IMC 47; IMC 53; IMC 55; IMC 58; IMC 59; IMC 6; IMC 60; IMC 61; IMC 63; IMC 65; IMC 68; IMC 71; IMC 77; IMC 78; IMC 85; IMC 9; IMC 96; IMC 98

POPULATION

Motamayor, J.C. et al., 2008: 'Iquitos' Population; Subgroup: 'IMC I' Reference

Reference

Motamayor, J.C., Lachenaud, P., da Silva e Mota, J.W., Loor, R., Kuhn, D.N., Brown, J.S. & Schnell, R.J. 2008
Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L). PLoS ONE 3(10): e3311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311
Population SSR

HELD IN

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Brazil, Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira/Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPLAC/CEPEC): List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

CEPEC 2012
Accession list for the CEPEC (Bahia, Brazil) collection. Dr. José Luis Pires, personal communication, February 2012.; • Accession: 205; - Local Name: IMC 76; - Year of Accession: 1978; • Accession: 205; - Local Name: IMC 76; - Year of Accession: 1980
Ecuador, Estation Experimental Tropical Pichilingue: List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

EET - Pichilingue 2012
Accessions planted in EET - Pichilingue, Ecuador. Freddy Amores and Ignacio Sotomayor C, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: IMC - 76; - Year of Accession: 1967
Ghana, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG): List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

CRIG 2012
Cocoa accessions held in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). Francis Kwame Padi, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: IMC76; - Year of Accession: 1968
Trinidad and Tobago, International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T): List received in 2011 Reference

Reference

CRU 2011
ICG,T accessions. CRU website.
Notes

Website visited 12th April 2011

Link Unavailable [http://sta.uwi.edu/cru/icgt-accessions.asp]; • Local Name: IMC 76
Venezuela, MAC Caucagua: List received in 1971 Reference

Reference

Leon, J. & Sgaravatti, E. 1971
Provisional list of genetic materials for plant introduction and exchange. AGPE Misc 71/2. FAO, Rome. pp. 26.
Notes

Lists of the clones held at CEPEC-Brazil, Nkoemvone-Cameroun, Central Agric. REs. Inst- Ceylon, CIA Palmira-Colombia, IICA-Costa Rica, INIAP-Ecuador, CRI-Ghana, MALF-Grenada, IFCC-Cote D'Ivoire, CIB-Jamaica, CRIN-Nigeria, CRU-Trinidad, Agr. Exp. Stat.-Suriname, Mayaguez-USA, Caucagua-Venezuela.; • Local Name: IMC 76

DISEASE

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Ceratocystis: Susceptible (Branch).; Note: Based on mycelium growth and the production of perithecia..; Stela Dalva Vieira Midlej Silva, 2003

Reference

Stela Dalva Vieira Midlej Silva 2003
Ensaios Para Avaliação do Cacaueiro à Murcha-de-Ceratocystis na Bahia, Brasil. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Cocoa Research Conference, Accra, Ghana (October 2003). Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria.
Notes

Title: 'Essays for the Assesment of Ceratocystis-Wilt in Bahia, Brazil'

Disease; Resistant; Small, L.W., 1966

Reference

Small, L.W. 1966
Routine screening of clones for Ceratocystis. Cocoa Research Unit Annual Report on Cocoa Research 1966. The University of the West Indies, Trinidad, p.48.
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_CEDS - Disease reaction to Ceratocystis Descriptors: Resistance to C. fimbriata based on the test described in Delgado et al, 1965 [DEL65A] Environment: Inoculated specimens of split shoots incubated at controlled temperature and humidity. After 4 days incubation specimens were examined microscopically and perithecial and mycelial development scored. Regional Research Centre, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, University of the West Indies, Trinidad Germplasm: 50 genotypes of the Plant Breeder's selections from mainly River Estate, but with some material from St. Augustine fields and Las Hermanas.

Disease
Phytophthora: Resistant; Monteiro, W.R. & Silva, S.D.V.M., 1998

Reference

Monteiro, W.R. & Silva, S.D.V.M. 1998
Individual Institute Reports - Brazil, CEPEC. Report on the IPGRI project: Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation, A Global Approach. Appendix to General Progress Report of Year 1.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom Descriptors: General observations and main traits of genotypes Environment: No details Germplasm: Clones included in the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation project.

Disease; Resistant, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Note: Fully grown, unripe detached pods (4-5 months old); A.D. Iwaro & D. R. Butler, 2003

Reference

A.D. Iwaro & D. R. Butler 2003
Sources of Resistance to Phytophthora Pod Rot at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Cocoa Research Conference, Accra, Ghana (October 2003). Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria.
Disease; Resistant, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Note: Score: 2 (1-8 Scale). Fully grown, unripe detached pods (4-5 months old).; A.D. Iwaro et al., 2006

Reference

A.D. Iwaro, D.R. Butler & A.B. Eskes 2006
Sources of resistance to Phytophthora pod rot at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution (2006) 53: 99–109
Notes

DOI 10.1007/s10722-004-1411-1

Disease
Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus: Resistant; Togo - IRCC Togo, 1986

Reference

Togo - IRCC Togo 1986
Collection de cacaoyers. Composition au 1er Janvier, 1986. IRCC Togo. A.B. Eskes, IRCC, Montpellier, France. Personal Communication.
Notes

Togo - IRCC Datafile: DIS___DS - Disease reaction to stress and disease DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_SSDS - Disease reaction to Swollen Shoot PROGENY_ Descriptors: Resistance to drought, Phytophthora, Swollen shoot Environment: Togo, IRCC. No further details. Germplasm: Accessions held in IRCC, Togo.

Disease; Tolerant; Enriquez, G. & Soria, V.J., 1977

Reference

Enriquez, G. & Soria, V.J. 1977
Mejoramiento genético para resistencia a cinco enfermedades del cacao. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Cocoa Research Conference, Caracas, Venezuela, 1977. Cocoa Producers' Alliance, Lagos, Nigeria. pp. 45-56.
Notes

Various data sources Review of disease data complied at Costa Rica - CATIE from sources including: Costa Rica - CATIE, Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies, Ghana - WACRI, Ecuador - Pichilingue. Datafile: DIS_MODS - Disease reaction to Monilia Pod Rot DIS___DS - Disease reaction to stress and disease DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_SSDS - Disease reaction to CSSV DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom DIS_CEDS - Disease reaction to Ceratocystis Descriptors: Information on the type of disease/stress and the reaction of the clone.

Disease
Vascular Streak Dieback: 70.00 % Infection; Note: 23 plants sampled..; Subali, S., 1992

Reference

Subali, S. 1992
MARDI's results on performance of imported primary cocoa clones. In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October, 1992. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Notes

Malaysia - MARDI Datafile: MARDI_DS MYS - MARDI Germplasm: Agronomic and morphological characteristics of some of the clones held by MARDI. Environment: No details.

Disease
Witches Broom: Resistant (Field Reaction).; Monteiro, W.R. & Silva, S.D.V.M., 1998

Reference

Monteiro, W.R. & Silva, S.D.V.M. 1998
Individual Institute Reports - Brazil, CEPEC. Report on the IPGRI project: Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation, A Global Approach. Appendix to General Progress Report of Year 1.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom Descriptors: General observations and main traits of genotypes Environment: No details Germplasm: Clones included in the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation project.

Disease; Tolerant; Sreenivasan, T.N., 1987

Reference

Sreenivasan, T.N. 1987
ICGT Germplasm at Marper Farm showing freedom from cushion Brooms and vegetative brooms. Unpublished report, CRU, Trinidad and Tobago.
Notes

Trinidad - Marper Farm, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom Descriptors: Resistance based on freedom from cushion brooms and vegetative brooms Environment: Marper Farm, Trinidad Germplasm: 182 clones mostly collected by Pound: AM [POU], B [POU], CL, CLM, IMC, JA [POU], LP [POU], LV [POU], LX, LZ, MO, MOQ, NA, PA [PER], SCA, SJ [POU], SLA, SLC, SM [POU]

Disease

YIELD

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture, 1992: Seed Index: 111.1 (dried beans per 100g); Pod Index: 29.2 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture 1992
Data from Applied Agriculture Research Unit (AARU). In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: pp. 4.
Notes

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture Research Datafile: AARU__DS MYS - Applied Agriculture Germplasm: Agronomic characteristics of 120 of the clones held at Applied Agriculture Research. The clones were field budded on 1982 seedlings planting between 1984 and 1987. Environment: No details given.

Yield Bean
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Pod Index: 23.9 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

BEAN

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Malaysia - Applied Agriculture, 1992: Number: 38.1; Dry Weight: 0.90 g; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture 1992
Data from Applied Agriculture Research Unit (AARU). In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: pp. 4.
Notes

Malaysia - Applied Agriculture Research Datafile: AARU__DS MYS - Applied Agriculture Germplasm: Agronomic characteristics of 120 of the clones held at Applied Agriculture Research. The clones were field budded on 1982 seedlings planting between 1984 and 1987. Environment: No details given.

Yield Bean
Bartley, B.G.D., 1970: Size: medium; Reference

Reference

Bartley, B.G.D. 1970
A preliminary catalogue of the cacao germplasm held at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Notes

Trinidad - University of the West Indies Datafile: ICGT2_DS TTO - UWI Cacao Collection Germplasm: Passport descriptors for approximately 1000 accessions of mainly South American and Trinidadian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Six descriptors for fruit, seed and compatability characteristics. Character Data: Combinations used FXC = forastero x criollo, TX = trinitario cross

Bean Fruit Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: purple; Shape: oblong; Number: 45.0; Total Wet Weight: 56.7 g; Cotyledon Dry Weight: 0.93 g; Cotyledon Length: 22.9 mm; Cotyledon Width: 11.1 mm; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

BUTTERFAT

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Testa: 7.50 %; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

FRUIT

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Bartley, B.G.D., 1970: Size: large; Reference

Reference

Bartley, B.G.D. 1970
A preliminary catalogue of the cacao germplasm held at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
Notes

Trinidad - University of the West Indies Datafile: ICGT2_DS TTO - UWI Cacao Collection Germplasm: Passport descriptors for approximately 1000 accessions of mainly South American and Trinidadian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Six descriptors for fruit, seed and compatability characteristics. Character Data: Combinations used FXC = forastero x criollo, TX = trinitario cross

Bean Fruit Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Shape: elliptical; Basal Constriction: slight; Apex Form: obtuse; Rugosity: slight; Length: 172.0 mm; Breadth: 85.0 mm; Colour: anthocyanin absent; Hardness: hard; Note: Hardness > 2.0 Mpa; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower
Brazil - CEPEC, 1987: Rugosity: moderate; Reference

Reference

Brazil - CEPEC 1987
List of clones in the CEPEC, Bahia, Brazil collection. Computer printout from CEPEC. Supplied by B.G.D. Bartley, CEPEC, Brazil.
Notes

Brazil - CEPEC, Itabuna, Bahia Datafile: CEPEC_DS BRA - CEPEC 1 PROGENY_ Germplasm: 564 accessions mainly of Brazilian origin. Environment: No details. Descriptors: Information on compatability pod characteristics and type of cocoa is given.

Bean Fruit Flower

FLUSH

Allen, J.B., 1988: Colour: slight anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Allen, J.B. 1988
Geographical variation and population biology in wild Theobroma cacao. PhD. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 197.
Notes

Colombia, Ecuador - Amazon region Datafile: LCT___DC ECU - LCTAP Fruit and seed characteristics LCT2__DS LCTAP Habit and flower characteristics LCT___DS ECU - LCTAP Field and genebank data Germplasm: Details of 234 LCT-EEN and EBC accessions from material collected in the Amazon region of Ecuador and R. Caqueta, Colombia and several of Pound's collections held at the San Carlos genebank. Environment: Accessions were either described at the time of collection or after planting in the field genebank at the San Carlos site of the INIAP Napo-Payamino Experimental Station in Napo Province. In the field genebank, a maximum of 10 seedlings for each collection were planted in a single row and budwood collections were planted as a row of up to 5 plants. Trees were spaced at 3m within the row and 4m between rows. Meteorological data are given in the table as mean daily maximum and mean daily minimum temperature and mean total rainfall per month. Soil analyses were carried out in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Edinburgh University, UK. The table shows the means of duplicate analyses of five samples taken from the genebank site and the forest surrounding the genebank. Soil data: pH 4.2 Org. Mat. (%) 9.4 N (Total, %) 0.3 P (Total, µg/g) 702 Ca (meq/100g) 5.19 Mg (meq/100g) 1.60 K (meq/100g) 0.48 Ca/Mg (ratio) 3.24 Ca+Mg/K (ratio) 14.1 Meteorological data: Temperature (°C) Rainfall (mm) Daily Max. Daily Min. January 30.9 21.2 116.2 February 29.1 20.6 272.3 March 29.8 21.2 260.0 April 29.9 21.3 327.5 May 29.9 21.0 287.9 June 27.9 20.4 308.1 July 28.1 20.0 254.1 August 29.3 20.3 262.5 September 30.3 20.5 282.4 October 30.6 21.1 257.1 November 30.8 21.1 361.2 December 31.0 21.4 154.8 Descriptors: The coding of the descriptors, and the methodology of recording, is based on the IBPGR standardised format, Engels et al., 1980 [ENG80A] and Engels, 1981 [ENG81A]. However, pod and bean data were recorded from a sample of 1-5 pods per collection, rather than the recommended sample of 10-20 pods due to limited availability of pods.

Flush Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: moderate anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

LEAF

Trinidad - ICGT, 1992: Distance from Base to Widest Part: 128 mm; Length: 285.0 mm; Width: 96.0 mm; Length to Width Ratio: 2.80; Basal Angle: 137.6 °; Apical Angle: 67.5 °; Petiole Length: 14 mm; Pulvinus Length: 11 mm; Reference

Reference

Trinidad - ICGT 1992
Leaf descriptors. Unpublished data supplied on computer diskette by International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad, University of the West Indies, Trinidad.
Notes

Trinidad - International Cocoa Genebank, CRU, University of the West Indies.
Flower descriptor data is presented for 620 clones, fruit descriptor data of 333 and seed characters of 118 clones are partly described. Leaf descriptor data is presented for 229 clones. The germplasm is mainly of Peruvian, Ecuadorian and Colombian origin. Environment: Each clone is represented in the collection by up to 16 trees planted 1.8 m apart in a block design. Shading is provided by Erythrina sp. (spaced 60m apart) and bananas (spaced 4m apart). Fertilizer, N-P-K (15:10:5), is provided twice a year at 250g per tree. Cyclic irrigation is performed from February to May (10 l of water per plant/week). Soil type group -33 A 1 Soil Series - Cunupia fine sandy clay with restricted internal drainage Lithology - silty clay alluvium Drainage - imperfect Slope category - 0°-2° Meterological data are given in this table as mean maximum, mean minimum and overall mean temperature and mean total rainfall per month over the period 1961-1990. Month Temp. (°C) Rainfall Max Min Mean (mm) January 30.1 20.8 24.6 71.2 February 30.2 20.8 25.0 43.3 March 31.2 21.4 25.7 36.6 April 31.8 22.3 26.5 51.1 May 31.6 23.3 26.9 116.5 June 30.6 23.3 26.4 252.1 July 30.8 23.0 26.2 266.3 August 31.2 22.9 26.4 250.1 September 31.5 22.8 26.5 202.5 October 31.4 22.82 6.41 99.3 November 30.8 22.4 25.9 227.8 December 30.2 21.5 25.2 155.6 Descriptors: The character selection is based on the IBPGR list (IBPGR, 1981 [IBP81A]). Where descriptor states present real measurements, e.g. pod length in cm, the data are given as the mean of all the measurements ± the standard deviation. For some descriptors, such as Leaf, flush colour, the phenotypic expression of the character is coded on a scale from 0 to 9. On this scale '0' represents the lowest or weakest expression of a characteristic and '9' represents the highest or strongest. Leaf and Flower Characteristics p.300-307

Leaf

FLOWER

Show Details Hide Details

Allen, J.B., 1988: Stamen Colour: slight anthocyanin; Sepal Colour: slight anthocyanin; Sepal Length: 8.50 mm; Ovary Colour: slight anthocyanin (apical); Pedicel Colour: moderate anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Allen, J.B. 1988
Geographical variation and population biology in wild Theobroma cacao. PhD. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 197.
Notes

Colombia, Ecuador - Amazon region Datafile: LCT___DC ECU - LCTAP Fruit and seed characteristics LCT2__DS LCTAP Habit and flower characteristics LCT___DS ECU - LCTAP Field and genebank data Germplasm: Details of 234 LCT-EEN and EBC accessions from material collected in the Amazon region of Ecuador and R. Caqueta, Colombia and several of Pound's collections held at the San Carlos genebank. Environment: Accessions were either described at the time of collection or after planting in the field genebank at the San Carlos site of the INIAP Napo-Payamino Experimental Station in Napo Province. In the field genebank, a maximum of 10 seedlings for each collection were planted in a single row and budwood collections were planted as a row of up to 5 plants. Trees were spaced at 3m within the row and 4m between rows. Meteorological data are given in the table as mean daily maximum and mean daily minimum temperature and mean total rainfall per month. Soil analyses were carried out in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Edinburgh University, UK. The table shows the means of duplicate analyses of five samples taken from the genebank site and the forest surrounding the genebank. Soil data: pH 4.2 Org. Mat. (%) 9.4 N (Total, %) 0.3 P (Total, µg/g) 702 Ca (meq/100g) 5.19 Mg (meq/100g) 1.60 K (meq/100g) 0.48 Ca/Mg (ratio) 3.24 Ca+Mg/K (ratio) 14.1 Meteorological data: Temperature (°C) Rainfall (mm) Daily Max. Daily Min. January 30.9 21.2 116.2 February 29.1 20.6 272.3 March 29.8 21.2 260.0 April 29.9 21.3 327.5 May 29.9 21.0 287.9 June 27.9 20.4 308.1 July 28.1 20.0 254.1 August 29.3 20.3 262.5 September 30.3 20.5 282.4 October 30.6 21.1 257.1 November 30.8 21.1 361.2 December 31.0 21.4 154.8 Descriptors: The coding of the descriptors, and the methodology of recording, is based on the IBPGR standardised format, Engels et al., 1980 [ENG80A] and Engels, 1981 [ENG81A]. However, pod and bean data were recorded from a sample of 1-5 pods per collection, rather than the recommended sample of 10-20 pods due to limited availability of pods.

Flush Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Ligule Colour: moderate anthocyanin; Stamen Colour: moderate anthocyanin; Sepal Length: 7.84 mm; Ligule Width: 2.59 mm; Ovule Number: 54; Style Length: 1.99 mm; Pedicel Colour: red; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower
Posnette, A.F., 1945: Self Compatibility: self incompatible; Reference

Reference

Posnette, A.F. 1945
Incompatibility in Amazon cacao. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 22: pp. 184-187.
Notes

Trinidad - Imperical College of Tropical Agriculture, University of the West Indies Datafile: COMP__DS - Compatibility Experimental Conditions: Cross-compatibility study carried out at Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad. Pollinations were carried out by hand with the flowers being covered by fine muslin the day before opening. Self-Incompatible - no sets from at least 10 pollinations Cross-Incompatible - no sets from at least 10 pollinations Cross-compatible - at least 25% setting

Flower

REFERENCES

Pound, F.J. (1938) Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Marita, J. M., Nienhuis, J., Pires, J. L. & Aitken, W. M. (2001) Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Theobroma cacao with Emphasis on Witches’ Broom Disease Resistance. Crop Sci. 41:1305–1316.

Olatoye, S.T. & Esan, E.B. (1993) Recent innovation in cacao genetic resources conservation in Nigeria. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Conservation, Characterisation and Utilisation of Cocoa Genetic Resources in the 21st Century. CRU, UWI, Trinidad. pp. 281-291.

Adomako, B. & Adu-Ampomah, Y. (2000) Reflections on the yield of Upper Amazon cocoa hybrids in Ghana with reference to breeding for cocoa swollen shoot virus resistant varieties. Cocoa Growers' Bulletin 52: 33-45.

Zhang, D., Boccara, M., Motilal, L., Mischke S., Johnson, E.S., Butler, D.R., Bailey, B. & Meinhardt, L. (2009) Molecular characterization of an earliest cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) collection from Upper Amazon using microsatellite DNA markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes. doi:10.1007/s11295-009-0212-2

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