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PA 175 [PER] Group Name Theobroma cacao

Pound, F.J. (1938)
Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Derivation: PArinari.
Collected by Pound.
Location: Parinari, Peru.

Pound, 1938a: [POU38A] type 1 - long, generally warty pods with a pronounced bottleneck and a conspicuous point, type 2 - lack the pronounced bottleneck, type 3 - pods shorter and lack both the pronounced bottle neck and point, type 4 - smooth lagarta, ie with bottle neck and point but with shallow furrows and a smooth shell, type 5 - as type 1 but with very small beans, type 6 - short, 10 ridged oval, warty pods, sometimes with red tint. Posnette, 1945A [POS45A]. Parinari type has long petioles (2-3 cm) with pulvini separated by a long, deep constriction even when young. The stamen filaments are not pigmented.

Notes: Selections from the region around Parinari.

Pound, 1938a [POU38A]. Pods probably collected from some 20 trees free of Witches' Broom in a population of type 1,2,3, and 4. Further collections may have made around Porvenir (between the Boca del Huallaga and Boca del Pastaza) from types 5 and 6.

Pound, 1943b [POU43B]. 277 plants were planted at Marper farm.

Bartley, 1998a [BAR98A] Parinari means tree and it is the name of a place on the River Amazon (Maranon) in Peru. However it is believed to refer to a region rather than a specific place. Types 5 and 6 were collected from along the whole stretch of the Maranon River.

SNP/SSR Populations Images

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Synonyms: G VI 321, PARINARI 175 [PER]

COLLECTION DETAILS

Location: Rio Maranon, Parinari, Loreto, Peru

Coordinates: 74.60 W, 4.60 S

Marita, J. M. et al., 2001

POPULATION

Motamayor, J.C. et al., 2008: 'Maranon' Population; Subgroup: 'Parinari II' Reference

Reference

Motamayor, J.C., Lachenaud, P., da Silva e Mota, J.W., Loor, R., Kuhn, D.N., Brown, J.S. & Schnell, R.J. 2008
Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L). PLoS ONE 3(10): e3311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311
Population SSR

HELD IN

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United Kingdom, International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, Reading (ICQC,R): Current List ICQC,R Website; • Accession: RUQ 37 ICQC,R; - Local Name: PA 175 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 1985
Brazil, Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira/Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPLAC/CEPEC): List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

CEPEC 2012
Accession list for the CEPEC (Bahia, Brazil) collection. Dr. José Luis Pires, personal communication, February 2012.; • Accession: 951; - Local Name: PA 175
Brazil, Mars Center for Cocoa Science: List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

Mars Center for Cocoa Science 2012
Accession list for the Mars Center for Cocoa Science. Jean-Philippe Marelli, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: PA-175; - Year of Accession: 1996
Costa Rica, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE): List received in 2018 Reference

Reference

Allan Mata 2018
Accession list for the International Cacao Collection at CATIE (IC3). Personal communication.
Notes

Excel file received by email.; • Accession: 21865; - Local Name: PA-175 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 2004
Ghana, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG): List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

CRIG 2012
Cocoa accessions held in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). Francis Kwame Padi, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: PA175; - Year of Accession: 1977
India, Kerala Agricultural University: List received in 1997 Reference

Reference

India - Kerala 1997
List of survivng clones from all the introductions. R.V. Nair, Kerala Agricultural University, India. Personal Communication.; • Accession: 321; - Local Name: PA 175 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 1993
Indonesia, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI): List received in 2008 Reference

Reference

Susilo, A. 2008
The list of germplasm collected by ICCRI. Personal communication from Agung Susilo, July 2008.; • Accession: IDN-13-TCAC-00463; - Local Name: PA 175
Indonesia, London Sumatra Plantations (LONSUM): List received in 2008 Reference

Reference

Haeser, E. 2008
Accession list for Bah Lias Research Station, PT.PP. London Sumatra, Indonesia. Personal communication, March 2010.; • Local Name: Pa 175
Malaysia, Agricultural Research Centre (ARC): List received in 1990 Reference

Reference

Malaysia - ARC Tuaran 1990
List of clones held in the Dept. of Agriculture's collection, at Sabah, Tuaran, Malaysia. E.B. Tay, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia. Personal Communication.; • Local Name: PA 175 [PER]
Nigeria, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN): List received in 1994 Reference

Reference

Nigeria - CRIN 1994
CRIN Cocoa germplasm. S.A. Olatoye, CRIN, Nigeria. Personal Communication.; • Local Name: PA 175 [PER]; - Year of Accession: 1968
Trinidad and Tobago, International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T): List received in 2011 Reference

Reference

CRU 2011
ICG,T accessions. CRU website.
Notes

Website visited 12th April 2011

Link Unavailable [http://sta.uwi.edu/cru/icgt-accessions.asp]; • Local Name: PA 175 [PER]

DISEASE

Vascular Streak Dieback: 22.00 % Infection (Field Reaction).; Note: Severery of infection was Moderate.. Sime Darby Plantations, Merlimau Estate.; Lam, K.S., 1992

Reference

Lam, K.S. 1992
Performance of imported clones in Sime Darby Plantations. In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October, 1992. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Notes

Malaysia - Sime Darby Plantations, Selangor Agronomic characteristics - Sime Darby Plantations, Disease - Oncobasidium theobromae (local names: Vascular Streak Dieback) Datafile: DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD SIMDARDS MYS - Sime Darby Plantations Germplasm: Descriptor information is presented for 129 of the clones held at the Plantations' Devon and Merlimau Estates. Environment: No details. Experimental Conditions - Sime Darby: Trial BK/GP/1 and BK/GP/2 Location: Devon Estate Date planted: April 1986 Pod count: Feb 1988 to Jan 1991 Pod analysis: Nov 1988 to Jan 1991 Planting distance: 9' x 10' No. of replicates: 3 No. of trees/plot: 16 Expt. Design: Randomised Complete Block Design Trial BK/GP/3 Location: Merlimau Estate Date planted: March 1988 Planting distance: 9' x 10' No. of replicates: 2 No. of trees/plot: 16 Expt. Design: Randomised Complete Block Design

Disease Yield Bean; Susceptible; Butler, D.R. et al., 1998

Reference

Butler, D.R., Iwaro, A.D., Thevenin, J.-M., Bekele, F., Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y. & Mooledhar, V. 1998
Individual Institute Reports - Trinidad & Tobago, CRU. Report on the IPGRI project: Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation, A Global Approach. Appendix to General Progress Report of Year 1.
Notes

Trinidad - ICG,T, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora DIS_WBDS - Disease reaction to Witches' Broom DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD DIS_CEDS - Disease reaction to Ceratocystis Descriptors: General observations and main traits of genotypes Environment: No details Germplasm: Clones included in the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation project.

Disease

YIELD

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Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Seed Index: 116.2 (dried beans per 100g); Pod Index: 29.3 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Pod Index: 26.4 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower
Lam, K.S., 1992: Seed Index: 126.9 (dried beans per 100g); Pod Index: 32.2 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Lam, K.S. 1992
Performance of imported clones in Sime Darby Plantations. In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October, 1992. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Notes

Malaysia - Sime Darby Plantations, Selangor Agronomic characteristics - Sime Darby Plantations, Disease - Oncobasidium theobromae (local names: Vascular Streak Dieback) Datafile: DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD SIMDARDS MYS - Sime Darby Plantations Germplasm: Descriptor information is presented for 129 of the clones held at the Plantations' Devon and Merlimau Estates. Environment: No details. Experimental Conditions - Sime Darby: Trial BK/GP/1 and BK/GP/2 Location: Devon Estate Date planted: April 1986 Pod count: Feb 1988 to Jan 1991 Pod analysis: Nov 1988 to Jan 1991 Planting distance: 9' x 10' No. of replicates: 3 No. of trees/plot: 16 Expt. Design: Randomised Complete Block Design Trial BK/GP/3 Location: Merlimau Estate Date planted: March 1988 Planting distance: 9' x 10' No. of replicates: 2 No. of trees/plot: 16 Expt. Design: Randomised Complete Block Design

Disease Yield Bean

BEAN

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Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Number: 39.5; Total Dry Weight: 34.0 g; Dry Weight: 0.86 g; Note: 73 plants sampled; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: purple; Shape: ovate; Number: 43.0; Total Wet Weight: 57.9 g; Cotyledon Dry Weight: 0.88 g; Cotyledon Length: 20.4 mm; Cotyledon Width: 9.7 mm; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower
Lam, K.S., 1992: Number: 39.4; Dry Weight: 0.78 g; Reference

Reference

Lam, K.S. 1992
Performance of imported clones in Sime Darby Plantations. In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October, 1992. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Notes

Malaysia - Sime Darby Plantations, Selangor Agronomic characteristics - Sime Darby Plantations, Disease - Oncobasidium theobromae (local names: Vascular Streak Dieback) Datafile: DIS_VSDS - Disease reaction to VSD SIMDARDS MYS - Sime Darby Plantations Germplasm: Descriptor information is presented for 129 of the clones held at the Plantations' Devon and Merlimau Estates. Environment: No details. Experimental Conditions - Sime Darby: Trial BK/GP/1 and BK/GP/2 Location: Devon Estate Date planted: April 1986 Pod count: Feb 1988 to Jan 1991 Pod analysis: Nov 1988 to Jan 1991 Planting distance: 9' x 10' No. of replicates: 3 No. of trees/plot: 16 Expt. Design: Randomised Complete Block Design Trial BK/GP/3 Location: Merlimau Estate Date planted: March 1988 Planting distance: 9' x 10' No. of replicates: 2 No. of trees/plot: 16 Expt. Design: Randomised Complete Block Design

Disease Yield Bean

BUTTERFAT

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Malaysia - BAL Plantations, 1991: Butterfat Content: 56.70 %; Maximum Butterfat Content: 58.09 %; Minimum Butterfat Content: 55.09 %; Note: 13 plants sampled; Reference

Reference

Malaysia - BAL Plantations 1991
Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.
Notes

Malaysia - BAL Plantations Datafile: BAL2__DS MYS - BAL Plantations (update) Environment: Trials are planted on Table Estate, Tawau. Trial CA81 - planted August 1987 in 3x6 tree plots, 3 replicates randomised blocks, trees spaced at 3.8m x 2.4 m (1,096 trees/ha). Trial CA88 - similar design, planted August 1988. Soil type is fairly fertile young volcanic basalt. Average rainfall is c. 2100 mm/year well distributed, the driest month being February with about 150 mm. Descriptors: Cocoa butter analysis:- samples of a minimum of 2 kg were fermented in net bags placed in the fermentation heap and subsequently fast (i.e. continuously) dried. Determinations were carried out by MacRobertson Foods Pte Ltd. (a division of Cadbury-Schweppes Ltd.) in Singapore using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine.

Yield Bean Butterfat Flower
Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Testa: 6.70 %; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower
Trinidad - CRU, 1998: Butterfat Content: 55.60 %; Testa: 6.00 %; Reference

Reference

Trinidad - CRU 1998
Fat Analysis Data. Data supplied on computer diskette by F. Bekele, CRU, Trinidad.
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: TTOFATDS TTO - Fat Analysis Germplasm: Data is provided on 410 accessions. Environment: No details given. Descriptors: Data for the fat content of the shell, including standard error and the butterfat content is presented. Methods: Ripe, open pollinated pods were harvested, 2 pods from each of 5 trees (10 pods per accession) were selected. The beans were then mixed thoroughly and a sub-sample taken. The sub-sample was then cleaned to remove the mucliage, oven dried and stored at room temperature until analysis. For each accession 2 bean samples (each consisting of 20 beans) were taken from the bulked sample. The beans were shelled and eaach sample was groung using a coffee grinder (2x30 seconds). The ground samples were then dried for 16 hours at 110 degrees C, cooled and stored in a dessicator at 25 degrees C until analysis. From the cried ground samples, a 2 gram sub-sample was weighed into a beaker, 100 ml of 4.0M HCl was added and the sample boiled for 30 minutes. The boiled sample was filtered and the residue washed with distilled water until clear of pigment. After washing, the filtered sample was placed in an extraction thimble and dried for 16 hours at 60 degrees C. The butterfat from the bean samples was extracted using the Soxtec System (Tecetor). Each dried sample was extracted for one hour using petroleum ether (40-60) as the solvent. The butterfat extracted from the sample was then dried in an oven for 30 minutes at 100 degrees C, cooled in a dessicator and the percentage butterfat determined on a dry matter basis.

Butterfat

FRUIT

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Shape: oblong; Basal Constriction: strong; Apex Form: attenuate; Rugosity: moderate; Length: 167.0 mm; Breadth: 76.0 mm; Colour: anthocyanin absent; Hardness: hard; Note: Hardness > 2.0 Mpa; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

PHENOTYPING

Fiona Lahive, 2017: Accession: RUQ 37; Light Saturated Photosynthetic Rate: 2.51 μmol m² s^-1; Stomatal Conductance: 0.05 mol m² s^-1; Transpiration Rate: 0.81 mmol m² s^-1; Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency: 50.96 μmol mol^-1; Instantaneous Water Use Efficiency: 3.43 mmol mol^-1; Flush Size: 3; Leaf Area: 155.00 cm²; Leaf Dry Weight: 0.97 g; Specific Leaf Area: 162.20 cm² g^-1; Reference

Reference

Fiona Lahive 2017
Phenotypic data from climate change trials. Personal communication.
Notes

Data for single trees in ICQC,R. Each value is a mean of 2 time points with 6 leaves per tree (12 measurements), except flush size, which was 2 branches per tree (4 measurements).

Phenotyping

FLUSH

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: slight anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

FLOWER

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Ligule Colour: slight anthocyanin; Stamen Colour: moderate anthocyanin; Sepal Length: 6.03 mm; Ligule Width: 2.15 mm; Ovule Number: 44; Style Length: 1.78 mm; Pedicel Colour: reddish; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

REFERENCES

Pound, F.J. (1938) Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Marita, J. M., Nienhuis, J., Pires, J. L. & Aitken, W. M. (2001) Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Theobroma cacao with Emphasis on Witches’ Broom Disease Resistance. Crop Sci. 41:1305–1316.

Motamayor, J.C., Lachenaud, P., da Silva e Mota, J.W., Loor, R., Kuhn, D.N., Brown, J.S. & Schnell, R.J. (2008) Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L). PLoS ONE 3(10): e3311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311

CEPEC (2012) Accession list for the CEPEC (Bahia, Brazil) collection. Dr. José Luis Pires, personal communication, February 2012.

Mars Center for Cocoa Science (2012) Accession list for the Mars Center for Cocoa Science. Jean-Philippe Marelli, personal communication, February 2012.

Allan Mata (2018) Accession list for the International Cacao Collection at CATIE (IC3). Personal communication.

CRIG (2012) Cocoa accessions held in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). Francis Kwame Padi, personal communication, February 2012.

India - Kerala (1997) List of survivng clones from all the introductions. R.V. Nair, Kerala Agricultural University, India. Personal Communication.

Susilo, A. (2008) The list of germplasm collected by ICCRI. Personal communication from Agung Susilo, July 2008.

Haeser, E. (2008) Accession list for Bah Lias Research Station, PT.PP. London Sumatra, Indonesia. Personal communication, March 2010.

Malaysia - ARC Tuaran (1990) List of clones held in the Dept. of Agriculture's collection, at Sabah, Tuaran, Malaysia. E.B. Tay, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia. Personal Communication.

Nigeria - CRIN (1994) CRIN Cocoa germplasm. S.A. Olatoye, CRIN, Nigeria. Personal Communication.

CRU (2011) ICG,T accessions. CRU website.

Lam, K.S. (1992) Performance of imported clones in Sime Darby Plantations. In: Unpublished Proceedings of MCGC Mini-Seminar on the Performance of Imported Cocoa Clones, 13th October, 1992. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Butler, D.R., Iwaro, A.D., Thevenin, J.-M., Bekele, F., Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y. & Mooledhar, V. (1998) Individual Institute Reports - Trinidad & Tobago, CRU. Report on the IPGRI project: Cocoa Germplasm Utilisation and Conservation, A Global Approach. Appendix to General Progress Report of Year 1.

Malaysia - BAL Plantations (1991) Results from cocoa butter content determinations using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. G. Lockwood, CDC, U.K. Personal Communication.

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee (2022) Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Trinidad - CRU (1998) Fat Analysis Data. Data supplied on computer diskette by F. Bekele, CRU, Trinidad.

Fiona Lahive (2017) Phenotypic data from climate change trials. Personal communication.