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NA 186 Group Name Theobroma cacao

Pound, F.J. (1938)
Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Derivation: river NAnay.
Collected by Pound.
Location: R. Nanay, Peru.

Pound, 1938a [POU38A]. Fruit - unpigmented, half blanco, long oval, slightly warty, no conspicuous point nor bottle neck. Bartley, 1995a [BAR95A]. Pound describes the typical NANAY as above (pod colour between light/intermediate green) but fruits with different characteristics appear among the NA clones of today which result from seedling progenies of the original collections. Posnette, 1945a [POS45A]. Fan branches are characterised by relatively short (less than 2 cm) petioles in which the pulvini are not clearly separated until the leaf ages, when a shallow constriction may develop. The stamen filaments are always pigmented to some degree, usually heavily.

Notes: Collected in 1937.

Pound, 1938a [POU38A]. Pods were probably collected from 14 trees which were free of witches' broom disease.

Pound, 1943b [POU43B]. 708 plants were planted at Marper farm.

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Synonyms: NANAI 186, NANAY 186

PEDIGREE DETAILS

Putative Half-Sibs:: Group P15 Zhang, D. et al., 2009

Reference

Zhang, D., Boccara, M., Motilal, L., Mischke S., Johnson, E.S., Butler, D.R., Bailey, B. & Meinhardt, L. 2009
Molecular characterization of an earliest cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) collection from Upper Amazon using microsatellite DNA markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes. doi:10.1007/s11295-009-0212-2; NA 141; NA 232; NA 686; NA 7 /10

POPULATION

Motamayor, J.C. et al., 2008: 'Nanay' Population; Subgroup: 'Nanay I' Reference

Reference

Motamayor, J.C., Lachenaud, P., da Silva e Mota, J.W., Loor, R., Kuhn, D.N., Brown, J.S. & Schnell, R.J. 2008
Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L). PLoS ONE 3(10): e3311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311
Population SSR

HELD IN

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Ghana, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG): List received in 2012 Reference

Reference

CRIG 2012
Cocoa accessions held in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). Francis Kwame Padi, personal communication, February 2012.; • Local Name: NA186; - Year of Accession: 1971
Malaysia, Agricultural Research Centre (ARC): List received in 1990 Reference

Reference

Malaysia - ARC Tuaran 1990
List of clones held in the Dept. of Agriculture's collection, at Sabah, Tuaran, Malaysia. E.B. Tay, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia. Personal Communication.; • Local Name: NA 186
Trinidad and Tobago, International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad (ICG,T): List received in 2011 Reference

Reference

CRU 2011
ICG,T accessions. CRU website.
Notes

Website visited 12th April 2011

Link Unavailable [http://sta.uwi.edu/cru/icgt-accessions.asp]; • Local Name: NA 186

DISEASE

Phytophthora: Susceptible, sp. P. palmivora (Pod).; Note: Unripe, Unattached and 3mm stab inoculated; Iwaro, A.D. et al., 1998

Reference

Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. 1998
Cacao resistance to Phytophthora: Effect of pathogen species, inoculation depths and pod maturity. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104: pp.11-15
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora Descriptors: Resistance based on lesion size following inoculation with P. palmivora and P. capsici Environment: Inoculations were carried out using the stab technique at two depths (3mm and 9mm) Germplasm: 10 clones from the ICG, T collections Trinidad. Experimental Conditions: Pathogens were obtained from naturally infected pods of different cacao clones at UWI, Trinidad. Pathogens were then grown on pods of the same cacao clone (ICS 1) and re-isolated. Isolates were maintained on 20% V8 juice - calcium carbonate agar medium slants as stock and petri dish cultures were prepared for zoospore extraction. Zoospore suspensions were prepared from 10 days old cultures of P. palmivora and P. capsici by inundating each culture plate of 9cm diameter with 10ml of sterile distilled water (at 10 C), refrigerating for 25 min and incubating in the dark for 30 min. Zoospore concentration was determined by haemocytometer. Fully mature unripe pods were harvested from 10 selected clones and inoculated using the stab-3 or the stab-9 method. A standard injury was created on the pod surface using an apparatus that consists of 20 pins with a piercing length of 3 mm or 9mm. Inoculation was affected by placing a filter paper disk (4 mm diameter) immersed in zoospore suspension on the injured area and covered with a spot plaster. After inoculation pods were arranged in a completely randomised design with five replications. For control treatment treatment sterile distilled water was used instead of the zoospore suspension. Inoculated pods and controls were incubated at 25 C in trays lined with moist paper towels and covered with polythene film. After five days lesion area was assessed. Character Data: Wound: N=no, P=punch inoculation (4 mm hole), S3=stab inoculated to 3 mm depth, S9=stab inoculated to 9 mm depth.

Disease; Susceptible, sp. P. capsici (Pod).; Note: Unripe, Unattached and 3mm stab inoculated; Iwaro, A.D. et al., 1998

Reference

Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. 1998
Cacao resistance to Phytophthora: Effect of pathogen species, inoculation depths and pod maturity. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104: pp.11-15
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: DIS_PHDS - Disease reaction to Phytophthora Descriptors: Resistance based on lesion size following inoculation with P. palmivora and P. capsici Environment: Inoculations were carried out using the stab technique at two depths (3mm and 9mm) Germplasm: 10 clones from the ICG, T collections Trinidad. Experimental Conditions: Pathogens were obtained from naturally infected pods of different cacao clones at UWI, Trinidad. Pathogens were then grown on pods of the same cacao clone (ICS 1) and re-isolated. Isolates were maintained on 20% V8 juice - calcium carbonate agar medium slants as stock and petri dish cultures were prepared for zoospore extraction. Zoospore suspensions were prepared from 10 days old cultures of P. palmivora and P. capsici by inundating each culture plate of 9cm diameter with 10ml of sterile distilled water (at 10 C), refrigerating for 25 min and incubating in the dark for 30 min. Zoospore concentration was determined by haemocytometer. Fully mature unripe pods were harvested from 10 selected clones and inoculated using the stab-3 or the stab-9 method. A standard injury was created on the pod surface using an apparatus that consists of 20 pins with a piercing length of 3 mm or 9mm. Inoculation was affected by placing a filter paper disk (4 mm diameter) immersed in zoospore suspension on the injured area and covered with a spot plaster. After inoculation pods were arranged in a completely randomised design with five replications. For control treatment treatment sterile distilled water was used instead of the zoospore suspension. Inoculated pods and controls were incubated at 25 C in trays lined with moist paper towels and covered with polythene film. After five days lesion area was assessed. Character Data: Wound: N=no, P=punch inoculation (4 mm hole), S3=stab inoculated to 3 mm depth, S9=stab inoculated to 9 mm depth.

Disease

YIELD

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Pod Index: 25.0 (pods per kg dried beans); Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

BEAN

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: purple; Shape: elliptical; Number: 36.0; Total Wet Weight: 53.0 g; Cotyledon Dry Weight: 1.11 g; Cotyledon Length: 18.5 mm; Cotyledon Width: 11.8 mm; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

BUTTERFAT

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Testa: 9.70 %; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower
Trinidad - CRU, 1998: Butterfat Content: 54.68 %; Testa: 5.75 %; Reference

Reference

Trinidad - CRU 1998
Fat Analysis Data. Data supplied on computer diskette by F. Bekele, CRU, Trinidad.
Notes

Trinidad - CRU, University of the West Indies Datafile: TTOFATDS TTO - Fat Analysis Germplasm: Data is provided on 410 accessions. Environment: No details given. Descriptors: Data for the fat content of the shell, including standard error and the butterfat content is presented. Methods: Ripe, open pollinated pods were harvested, 2 pods from each of 5 trees (10 pods per accession) were selected. The beans were then mixed thoroughly and a sub-sample taken. The sub-sample was then cleaned to remove the mucliage, oven dried and stored at room temperature until analysis. For each accession 2 bean samples (each consisting of 20 beans) were taken from the bulked sample. The beans were shelled and eaach sample was groung using a coffee grinder (2x30 seconds). The ground samples were then dried for 16 hours at 110 degrees C, cooled and stored in a dessicator at 25 degrees C until analysis. From the cried ground samples, a 2 gram sub-sample was weighed into a beaker, 100 ml of 4.0M HCl was added and the sample boiled for 30 minutes. The boiled sample was filtered and the residue washed with distilled water until clear of pigment. After washing, the filtered sample was placed in an extraction thimble and dried for 16 hours at 60 degrees C. The butterfat from the bean samples was extracted using the Soxtec System (Tecetor). Each dried sample was extracted for one hour using petroleum ether (40-60) as the solvent. The butterfat extracted from the sample was then dried in an oven for 30 minutes at 100 degrees C, cooled in a dessicator and the percentage butterfat determined on a dry matter basis.

Butterfat

FRUIT

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Shape: elliptical; Basal Constriction: moderate; Apex Form: indented; Rugosity: moderate; Length: 155.0 mm; Breadth: 77.0 mm; Colour: anthocyanin absent; Hardness: hard; Note: Hardness > 2.0 Mpa; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

FLUSH

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Colour: slight anthocyanin; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

FLOWER

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee, 2022: Ligule Colour: slight anthocyanin; Stamen Colour: slight anthocyanin; Sepal Length: 5.54 mm; Ligule Width: 1.78 mm; Ovule Number: 43; Style Length: 1.33 mm; Pedicel Colour: reddish; Reference

Reference

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee 2022
Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.
Notes

This single reference supercedes data entered previously and will be kept up-to-date to allow this information to be grouped together.

Yield Bean Butterfat Fruit Flush Flower

REFERENCES

Pound, F.J. (1938) Cacao and Witchbroom Disease of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Archives of Cocoa Research 1: pp. 26-71.

Zhang, D., Boccara, M., Motilal, L., Mischke S., Johnson, E.S., Butler, D.R., Bailey, B. & Meinhardt, L. (2009) Molecular characterization of an earliest cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) collection from Upper Amazon using microsatellite DNA markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes. doi:10.1007/s11295-009-0212-2

Motamayor, J.C., Lachenaud, P., da Silva e Mota, J.W., Loor, R., Kuhn, D.N., Brown, J.S. & Schnell, R.J. (2008) Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L). PLoS ONE 3(10): e3311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311

CRIG (2012) Cocoa accessions held in the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG). Francis Kwame Padi, personal communication, February 2012.

Malaysia - ARC Tuaran (1990) List of clones held in the Dept. of Agriculture's collection, at Sabah, Tuaran, Malaysia. E.B. Tay, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia. Personal Communication.

CRU (2011) ICG,T accessions. CRU website.

Iwaro, A.D., Sreenivasan, T.N. & Umaharan, P. (1998) Cacao resistance to Phytophthora: Effect of pathogen species, inoculation depths and pod maturity. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104: pp.11-15

Frances Bekele & Gillian Bidaisee (2022) Morphological data from the International Cocoa Collection (ICG,T) maintained by the Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), Trinidad & Tobago. Unpublished data on fruit, bean, flower and flush morphology supplied as an Excel spreadsheet by Frances Bekele. Last update March 2022.

Trinidad - CRU (1998) Fat Analysis Data. Data supplied on computer diskette by F. Bekele, CRU, Trinidad.